MEMORY

MEMORY
Ability to remember information, events, and experiences.
Three process: encoding, storage, retrieval
Encoding– act of inputting information by means of
transforming it into a code so that it can be processed by
the nervous system.
Acoustic codes– words which are repeatedly said
aloud.
Visual codes– objects’ mental image.
Semantic codes– meaning attached to the object so
that it can be easily remembered.
MEMORY
Three process: encoding, storage, retrieval
Storage– place where the information is kept or
retained over a period of time. Information that is
stored depends on the amount of effort employed in
encoding the information.
Retrieval (Recalling)– process of accessing the
information and pulling it into consciousness.
Contents: Explicit Memory and Implicit Memory
MEMORY
Three process: encoding, storage, retrieval
Retrieval (Recalling)– process of accessing the
information and pulling it into consciousness.
Contents: Explicit Memory and Implicit Memory
Explicit Memory– deliberate or conscious recall. It
is consciously searching for previously stored
information to be able to recall.
Implicit Memory-- knowledge that we are not
consciously aware of recalling, but influences
behavior or thought without our awareness.
MEMORY
Three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory,
long-term memory
Sensory Memory– initial, momentary storage of
information, lasting only for an instant.
Types of Sensory Memory: Iconic, echoic, haptic,
gustic, and olfactic
Iconic memory– reflects information from the
visual system.
Echoic Memory– stores auditory information.
MEMORY
Three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory,
long-term memory
Sensory Memory– initial, momentary storage of
information, lasting only for an instant.
Types of Sensory Memory: Iconic, echoic, haptic,
gustic, and olfactic
Haptic Memory– holds memory for touch.
Gustic Memory– stores information about taste.
Olfactic Memory– holds memory for smell.
MEMORY
Three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term
memory
Short-Term Memory (STM)– temporary holding room of
information coming from the sensory memory. It has a limited
capacity of 7-8 items and a duration of 2-30 seconds.
Process of retaining information: Maintenance rehearsal
and elaborative rehearsal
Rehearsal– repetition of information that has entered the
STM.
Maintenance Rehearsal– repeating information to be
kept for an extended period of time.
MEMORY
Three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory,
long-term memory
Short-Term Memory (STM)– temporary holding room
of information coming from the sensory memory. It has
a limited capacity of 7-8 items and a duration of 2-30
seconds.
Process of retaining information: Maintenance
rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal
Elaborative Rehearsal– keeping information by
associating it with something you already know.
MEMORY
Three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory,
long-term memory
Short-Term Memory (STM)
Serial Position Curve– tells us of the tendency to
recall words correctly plotted as a function of the
position in the word in a list.
Primacy Effect– tendency to recall words at the
beginning of the list.
Recency Effect– tendency to recall words from the
end of the list.
MEMORY
Three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory,
long-term memory
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
Final store house of information.
Semantic Encoding– stores the gist or general
meaning of the stimulus
Schema– organized, generalized knowledge.
MEMORY
Three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, long-
term memory
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
Declarative Memories– explicit memories which includes
verbal information and facts.
Semantic Memories– memories for ideas and concepts.
Episodic Memories– memories for events in our lives.
Procedural Memories– memories for skills and behaviors.
NEW APPROACHES TO
MEMORY
Working Memory – set of a temporary memory stores
that actively manipulate and rehearse information.
Central Executive Processor– involved in reasoning
and decision making.
Visual Store– specializes in visual and spatial
information.
Verbal Store– holds and manipulates material
relating to speech, words, and numbers.
Episodic Buffer– contains information that
represents episodes or occurrences.
NEW APPROACHES TO
MEMORY
Long-Term Memory Modules
Declarative
Procedural
Semantic
Episodic
NEW APPROACHES TO
MEMORY
Associative Models of Memory – memory consists of
mental representations of clusters of interconnected
information.
Priming– exposure to a word or concept later makes
it easier to recall related information.
Explicit Memory
Implicit Memory
NEW APPROACHES TO
MEMORY
Multiple Models of Memory – memory is a multiple
interdependent system, operating simultaneously, that
are responsible for different types of recall.
MPROVING YOUR MEMORY

SQ3R (Survey Question Read Recite and Review)– uses

elaborative rehearsal and deeper levels of processing.
Chunking– dividing the items to be memorized into
groups.
Mnemonics– use of rhythm, rhyme or acronyms
Overlearn-- repetitive reading and rereading of concepts.
Use Elaborative Rehearsal– making connections and
seeing connections.
FORGETTING

Herman Ebbinghaus– German psychologist who made

the first experiment on forgetting in 1885.
It happens when one can no longer recall the
information stored in the long-term memory.
FORGETTING
THEORIES OF FORGETTING
Trace-Decay (Decay) Theory– memories which are not
routinely activated tend to erode and disappear over
time.
Proactive Interference– older memory traces inhibits the
retrieval of newer memory traces.
Retroactive Interference-- newer memory traces inhibit
the recalling of older memory traces.
FORGETTING
THEORIES OF FORGETTING
Cue-Dependent Forgetting– memories are not easily
retrieved when the retrieval cues do not match the cues
that are present during encoding.
Repression– threatening memories are pushed into the
inaccessible unconscious part of the mind.