Hybrid Electric Propulsion System for

Merchant Vessels of Bangladesh

Presented by Supervised By
Sibgatallah His Sahil Md. Sabbir Alam Chowdhury
BMS Roll no: E-49019 Electrical Instructor,
Engineering Department Engineering Department
Bangladesh Marine Academy Bangladesh Marine Academy
Objective of The Study

Present Hybrid electric propulsion configuration

Applications of Hybrid electric propulsion system in merchant vessels.

Economic Feasibility
Environmental evaluation

Challenges of establishment of the system

Problem Statement

Ship energy consumption efficiency

Negative impacts of emission on environment

Financial issues

Strict regulations
 What is Hybrid Propulsion?

Hybrid propulsion is any vehicle propulsion system that includes two or

more sources of propulsion in one design, usually which can be used
either together or alternately.

Benefits of the System

• Fuel savings
• Eliminate frequent load variations/Engine load optimization
• Local emissions
• Noise and vibrations
Types of Hybrid Electric Propulsion System

Series Parallel

• Power generating source and electric
storage
• Electric motor propulsion system
• Power generating source and electric
storage
• Two kinds of propulsion measures:
electric motors and combustion engines
which are mechanically coupled by the
same shafts through gearboxes and
clutches
 Hybrid System Components

• AC and DC grid systems and Electromotor

• Batteries and Battery storage system
• Switchboard
• Transformer
• Inverter (DC to AC)
• Rectifier (AC to DC)
• Bidirectional converter (DC to DC)
• Electrical bus
• Breaking resistor
• Control box & Control panels
Batteries And Types of Batteries

Lead Acid Batteries

Nickel-Cadmium Batteries
Batteries
Nickel-Metal Hydride
Batteries

Lithium-ion Batteries

Fig: Energy Storage System (ABS, 2018) Fig: Types of Batteries

Why Lithium-ion Batteries? Comparison of Batteries

Type Specific Energy Density

• Have higher energy density Energy
• Have low self-discharge rate Lead Acid 33-42 Wh/kg 60-110 Wh/l

• NiCD 40-60 Wh/kg 50-150 Wh/l

Are light weight and small in size

• Have higher cycle life NiMH 60-120 Wh/kg 140-300 Wh/l

• Are environment friendly

Lithium-ion 100-265 Wh/kg 250-693 Wh/l

Lithium-ion has the highest

energy density!!!
 Lithium-ion Battery Pack Price (2018, $/kWh)
1400

1200
1160
1000

800 899

600 707
650
577
400
373
200 288
214 176
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
(Source: BloombergNEF)
Assessment for Hybrid Electric Propulsion system
Emissions from Shipping Regulations

Fig: Scenarios for ship emissions in historic perspective (IMO

Fig: Emission Regulations (DNV GL)
GHG study 2009)

Ship-source pollutants most closely linked to climate change and public health impacts include carbon dioxide
(CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), Sulphur oxides (SOx) and particulate matters.
Engine Running Profile
Specific fuel consumption Emission

Fig: SFOC vs Engine load from a MAN 7S60MCUC8 Fig: Emission product during the power range of a
(Dedes, Hudson et al. 2011) diesel engine (DNV GL)
Hybrid Concept for Load Levelling

Fig: Hybrid system charging time (Elrik Ovrum,DNV GL)

A hybrid system seeks to even out the power fluctuations in the engines. When the power demand is high, the power source is
discharged and when it is lower the source is charged.
 Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI)

Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), formulated for new ships, is an index that estimates grams of
CO2 per transport work (g of CO2 per ton-mile).

It can be expressed as the ratio of “environmental cost” divided by “Benefit for Society”.

Impact to environment
EEDI = ------------------------------------
Benefit for society
In other words,

The energy efficiency design index (EEDI) was put into force on the 59th MEPC session from 13th-17th of
July 2009.
 Influence on ship design
• Cost of space and cargo loss
• Hydrostatics
• Risk assessment
• Electromotor and Engine Sizing
• Battery Sizing (Storage Batteries)
Economic Feasibility and Emission Analysis
Electromotor and Engine specification
• The DWT of case ship is 5273 mt installed with two 2000kW diesel engine.
• From the MEPC 64/4/13 the minimum power value for general cargo ships is = a * (DWT) +
b where, a = 0.1520 and b = 2399. 5
• Propulsion power of the case ship = (0.1520*5273) + 2399.5 = 3200 kWh
• This will be provided by two 1600 kW diesel engine.
• Which can generate power in generator mode is 400 kWh.
• For the electromotor, Betamarine two 1600kW hybrid electromotor is considered. For a 1600
kW, the price is 300,000 USD.
• Total cost of electromotor = (300,000*2) = 600,000 USD
• Other components cost without batteries according to HybridMarine co. = 225,500 USD
Battery specification
Total Battery needed 10
Each battery capacity 210 KWh
Total Capacity 2100 KWh
Battery efficiency 90%
Depth of Discharge 90%
Practical capacity 2100 × 0.9 × 0.9 = 1701kWh ≈ 1700 kWh
Each battery cost $72,500
Total Battery cost $725,500
Total occupied area 20m2
Total weight 10,110 kg
Estimated lifespan 12 years
Type Package type
Mode of Operation
• Existing engine power = 4000kW
• Running hours from log = 2015 h/year
• If the engine runs on 50% load on average, power demand = (50% of 4000kW) = 2000kW
• Reduced engine size for EEDI index = (1600*2) = 3200 kW

To run efficiently engines in 75-85% load which is

= (85% of 3200) = 2800kW, 1400kW each engine.

• We can get electric power from (2800-2000) = 800 kW, 400kW from each engine.
• Battery capacity = 2100 kW
• Time required to recharge the 2100kW batteries from 400 kwh generator mode
= (2100÷800) = 2.5 hours
• Battery provides power in motor mode for (1800÷600) = 3 Hours.
Mode of Operation
Running Hours calculation
• Total running hour = 2015 hours
• Total running hours in low load = (70% of 2015) = 1511 h/year
• Total running hour in Generator mode = 1080 hrs
• Total running hour in motor mode = 431 hrs
• So, power produced in one engine shut off time with another engine’s respective generator is
=(400kW*431) = 172,400kW
• This can charge the 2100kW battery pack = (172,400÷2100) = 82hrs
• Now, Total running hour in one engine shut off full electric mode and other engine in
operation = (431+82) = 513 hrs
• So, Total running hour in generator mode of both engine = (1080-82) = 998 hrs
• Average fuel cost from previous table for hybrid system = 153 USD/h

• Total cost saving for reduced running hour of one engine = (513 * 153) = 78,489USD/y
Cost-Benefit Analysis
 Comparison between Hybrid electric propulsion  Potential savings of reducing installed
and only diesel engine (according to Revolt engine size
report’18 )
Hybrid Electric Diesel Engine Engine reduction 800 kW

Required Engine 3200 kW 4000 kW

Potential fuel reduction 98.5 – 125.3 kg/h
Potential fuel 152 – 208 kg/h 250-333 kg/h
consumption
Potential savings low 56 – 72 USD/h
MGO price low – 575 - 1050 USD/MT Annual savings low 112.84 – 145 (1000USD)
high
Potential Cost low 88 -120 USD/h 144 – 192 USD/h

Potential savings high 102 – 132 USD/h

Annual savings high 205.5 – 266 (1000USD)
Potential cost high 160 - 218 USD/h 262 - 350 USD/h
Payback and profit analysis
• Total cost= (600,000+ 225,000+ 725,000) = 1,550,000 USD
• From previous table, average annual fuel cost saving for engine size reduction = 189,420 USD/year
• Total cost saving with reduction of running hours = (189,420+78489) = 267,909 USD

Calculation of Pay-Back Period Cash Flow(in USD) Cost Savings After Installation(in USD)

Initial investment 1,550,000 -

Miscellaneous Cost Per Year 5,000 -
After 1st Year 1,550,000 267,909
After 2nd Year 1,555,000 535,818
After 3rd Year 1,560,000 803,727
After 4th Year 1,565,000 1,071,636
After 5th Year 1,570,000 1,339,545
After 6th Year 1,575,000 1,607,454
After 7th Year 1,580,000 1,875,363
After 8th Year 1,585,000 2,143,272
After 9th Year 1,590,000 2,411,181
After 10th Year 1,595,000 2,679,090
After 11th Year 1,600,000 2,946,999
After 12th Year 1,605,000 3,214,908
Calculation for Profit
• Net cost savings after 12 years $3,214,908
• Net cash flow after 12 years $1,605,000
• Net profit after 12 years $1,609,908
Calculation for Emission Reduction
 Emission of CO2 per engine = 0.28 KgCO 2 /KWh (volker-quaschning, 2015 )
 Load save for 2015 hours = 800 KW
 Total emission without hybrid system= (0.28*4000*2015) = 2,256,800 kg=2,256 ton
 Total emission with hybrid system= (0.28*3200*2015) = 1,805,440 kg=1,805 ton
 Reduced emission for shutting one engine in hybrid mode=(172,400 KW*0.28)= 48 ton
 Total emission by hybrid system= (1,805-48) =1,757 ton
 Reduction in emission= (2,256- 1757) = 479 tons CO2

Fig: CO2 Emission Comparison

Cost analysis for different types of ships
General Cargo Coastal ship Tugboats

Hybrid $2,000,000 $1,000,000 $300,000

system cost

Annual $2,500,000 $800,000 $250,000

fuel costs

Savings 15% 20% 20%

potential

Annual $375,000 $240,000 $75,000

savings

Pay back < 6 years < 5 years < 5 years

Fig: Economy for hybrid ships - general examples (crude oil price $ 100) (DNv GL’2018)
Research Findings
• It was found that it is possible to lower the emissions from ships and implementing Hybrid
system can reduce CO2 emission of the vessel by 479 tons per year.

• The reduction of main diesel engine would result in fuel cost savings which would add up to
be approximately $267,909 per year.

• Hybrid system can optimize the ship’s operational efficiency and engine load.

• Lithium ion battery with high energy ratio will be the best technical solution for the hybrid
electrical propulsion system.
Challenges of Hybrid Electric Propulsion System
• High initial investment requires for installing this system.

• It is assumed that the price of fuel oil, batteries and miscellaneous cost to be remained same
for future years. If the current trend continues the price of fuel will keep going up and the
price of Lithium-ion batteries will keep going down significantly; which will make battery
energy storage system more profitable.

• In the thesis the battery system considered weights in approximately 10 tons and occupies
around 20m2 areas. This can affect the ship’s cargo carrying capacity.
Recommendations
• The sizing of the energy storage system and electric motors plays a vital part. More advanced
technology and research may reduce the size of the batteries and increase efficiency.

• Building the necessary infrastructure for hybrid electric ships, Charging system at ports would be
beneficial.

• Investment by government and private companies should be made to give adequate support.

• Building various types of ships- Ferries, inland vessels, coastal vessels etc. all types of ships can be
built by this technology.

• Proper policies should be made and implemented analyzing the current state and statistics of the
shipping industry of Bangladesh.
Thank You!
ANY QUESTION ?