PROSTATE CANCER

MR. POORAN SINGH BHATI

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING
SMT. D.S.S.N.I
PROSTATE CANCER
 PROSTATE CANCER
 It is the most common cancer in men other than non-melanoma skin cancer.
 The majority (>75%) of cases occur in men over age 65 year.
 It is a malignant tumor of the prostate gland.
 It is cancer that occurs in a men’s prostate- a small walnut shaped gland that produces the seminal fluid that
nourishes & transport sperm.
 It usually grow slowly & initially remains confined to the prostate gland where it may not cause serious harm.
 ETIOLOGY & RISK FACTORS-
 The exact cause is unknown.
 Genetic factors.
 Aging above 60 year.
 Environmental factors exposure to chemical dye (cigarette smoking, toxins etc.)
 High fat intake.
 Hormonal influences.
 STAGES OF PROSTATE CANCER
 Stage-I- Clinically unrecognized.
 Stage-Ia- <5% of prostatic tissue neoplastic.
 Stage-Ib- >5% of prostatic tissue neoplastic.
 Stage-II- Clinically intracapsular.
 Stage-IIa- Nodules <2cm & surrounded by palpably normal tissue.
 Stage-IIb- Nodules >2cm or multiple nodules.
 Stage-III- Clinical extra-capsular.
 Stage-IIIa- Minimal extra-capsular.
 Stage-IIIb- Large tumors involving seminal vesicles, adjacent structure or both
 Stage-IV- Metastatic tissue.
 Stage-IVa- Pelvic lymph node metastasis.
 Stage-IVb- Distant metastasis to bone, viscera or other soft tissue structure
 CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
 It may cause no sign & symptoms in its early stage.
 Prostate cancer that is more advanced may cause S/S such as:-
 Trouble urination
 Decrease force in the stream of urine.
 Blood in the semen (Hematospermia)
 Discomfort in the pelvic area.
 Erectile dysfunction
 Hematuria.
 Burning or pain during urination.
 A sensation of incomplete emptying of the bladder even after passing urine.
 Frequent nocturnal urination.
 Abdominal pain.
 Urinary retention.
 DIAGNOSTIC EVALUTION
 History collection
 Physical examination
 Digital rectal examination hard nodule felt of the prostate.
 Trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS).
 Lab test Alkaline & acid phosphate, PSA elevation (Prostate specific antigen) denotes tumor growth.
 Trans rectal needle aspiration & biopsy done.
 X-ray
 Sonography.
 CT Scan
 MRI done to rule out metastasis.
 Normal PSA value- 4ng/ml
 MANAGEMENT
1. Radiation therapy
2. Chemotherapy
3. Hormonal therapy
4. Surgical management:-
 Laser ablation of prostate
 Cryo surgery ablation
 Redical prostatectomy- It is surgery to remove the entire prostate gland & surrounding lymph nodes.
 Laproscopic prostatectomy- During a laproscopic redical prostatectomy, the doctor perform surgery through
small incision in the abdomen with the assistance of a tiny camera.
 Orchiectomy- Removal of your testicles to reduce testosterone level in your body.
 Bilateral Orchiectomy.
 Biological therapy(Immunotherapy)- It uses your body immune system to fight cancer cells. One type of
biological therapy called Spileucel-T (Provenge) has been developed to treat advanced or recuurent prostate
cancer.