Stirling and Rankine Cycle EST-302

PRESENTED BY:
GAGANDEEP SINGH(L-2020-AE-23-BIV)
GUNJANMEET KAUR(L-2020-AE-25-BIV)
JASHANVEER SINGH (L-2020-AE-40-BIV)
 CONTENT

 Stirling cycle
 P-v diagram
 Efficiency
 Stirling engine and applications
 Advatages and disadvantage
 Rankine cycle
 P-v diagram
 Components and working
 Efficiency
 Applications
 references
 STIRLING CYCLE

 Consists of two isothermal processes and two

isochoric processes .
 Invented by Robert Stirling in 1816.

In Carnot cycle’s compression and expansion

isentropic processes(ΔV = 0 )are replaced by two
constant-volume regeneration processes.
 P-V DIAGRAM

ess 1-2:- Isothermal heat addition/Isothermal expansion

2-3:- Constant volume heat rejection

4:- Isothermal heat rejection/Isothermal compression

4-1:- Constant volume heat addition

 PROCESS 1-2:- ISOTHERMAL HEAT
ADDITION/ISOTHERMAL EXPANSION

air present in a hot

cylinder is heated
by an external heat
source

During this heat

addition, piston-A
moves toward the
left to cause
 PROCESS 2-3:- CONSTANT VOLUME HEAT
REJECTION

t cylinder is transferred to the cold cylinder through the regenerator

-A moves to the right while piston-B moves to the left.

ator, air rejects the heat to change its temperature from TH to TL

 PROCESS 3-4:- ISOTHERMAL HEAT
REJECTION/ISOTHERMAL COMPRESSION

.
the air inside the cold cylinder
undergoes isothermal compression

During this process, the piston-B

moves inward
PROCESS 4-1 CONSTANT VOLUME HEAT
ADDITION

 the air inside the cold

.
cylinder is transferred to .
the hot cylinder through
the regenerator.
piston-B moves inward
while piston-A moves
outward.
 While passing through
the regenerator, the air
takes heat QR from the
regenerator to raise its
temperature
from TL to Th.
 EFFICIENCY OF STIRLING CYCLE

- interchange of heat is during the two isothermal processes

- Work done = Heat supplied – Heat rejected

R=0.08206 L atm/kmol
T=temperature in k
m=no. of moles
 COMPARISON OF CARNOT CYCLE
&STIRLING CYCLE
 Thermal efficiency of stirling cycle is same as carnot cycle
 Isentropic process is replaced with two constant volume
process which increase area
 Its has more mechanical efficiency
 STIRLING ENGINE

 Convert heat energy to mechanical energy

 External combustion engine
 Working fluid is fixed
 SOLAR STIRLING ENGINE

Solar heat collector provide heat for solar

stirling engine
It gives AC output which can be converted to
DC with battery source
Cost is low comparatively
It can be used for pumping water in rural
areas
SOLAR STIRLING ENGINE
WASTE HEAT RECOVERY USING STIRLING
ENGINE
Different energy utilization system are:
Nuclear power plant
Gas turbine power plant
Process industries
Thermal power plant
All the system use large amount of fossil fuels
and reject large amount of energy to
atmosphere and cause global warming
 CONTT

Types of waste recovery system are:

1. Recuperators
2. Regenerator
3. Heat wheel
4. Heat pipe
 USED IN AVIATION

Used in aviation due to many reason smooth

torque and lack of vibration
If plane could hold constant power it can
cruise as fast as 40,000 ft as it can at sea
level
It creates less pollution
 ADVANTAGES OF STIRLING ENGINE

It can run on any heat source

Engine mechanism is simpler than
reciprocating engine as no valves is needed
It uses single phase working fluid risk of
explosion is low
 waste heat is easily harvested
 RANKINE CYCLE

 used in power plants to convert the pressure

energy of steam into mechanical energy
through steam turbines
 it includes rotating steam turbine, a boiler
pump, a stationary condenser, and a boiler
it is a modified form of Carnot cycle, in which
the isothermal compression is continued until
the steam is condensed into water
COMPONENTS OF RANKINE CYCLE
WORKING FOR RANKINE CYCLE
 P-V DIAGRAM FOR RANKINE CYCLE

rocess 1 -
expansion
rking fluid will
ressure to high
.

the saturation
g the entropy
.

ant Pressure
ess in Boiler

ure liquid
e boiler
d at constant
of an external
ce
 CONTT

Process 3-4 – Isentropic Expansion Process

apor at the end of the process 2-3 will be expanded through the turbine in this process. It will
generate the power

ess 4-1 – Constant Pressure Heat Rejection in Condenser

s, the low temperature and low-pressure vapor will be condensed in the condenser.
 EFFICIENCY OF RANKINE CYCLE
 is defined as the ratio of net work done by the steam
turbine power plant W n e t and heat supplied to the
boiler Q s
 The difference between turbine workout WT and
pump work input W p is defined as net work done W n e t
Q = Rate of heat flow in the system (towards or
away)

WT= Mechanical work done by the turbine

WP = Mechanical work done by the pump

h1,h2 ,h3 and h4

= Specific enthalpies of water at states 1, 2, 3,
and 4 .

hf= Specific enthalpy of water = h (In this cycle)

 Applying steady flow energy equation (SFEE) to
pump, boiler, turbine, and condenser,

(1) For Pump: h2+WP=h1⟹WP=h2−h1

(2) For Boiler: h2+Qin=h3⟹Qin=h3−h2
(3) For Turbine: h3=WT+h4⟹WT=h3−h4
(4) For Condenser: h4=Qout+h1⟹Qout=h4−h1

the Rankine cycle efficiency with pump is given as,

= (h3−h4)−(h2−h1)/(h3−h2)
Similarly, the Rankine cycle efficiency without pump work is
given as,
ηRankine=1−Qout/Qin=1−(h4−h1)/(h3−h2)
 APPLICATIONS

used in power plants working on fluids at

supercritical pressure to generate power.
used in thermal power stations like nuclear power
plants.
ORC is utilized in various industries like the waste
heat recovery plant, Biomass power plants,
Geothermal power plants, Solar thermal power
plants, and Wind-thermal energy stations.
The supercritical Rankine cycles are used in medium
power applications like supercritical power plants
 (Eg. Philo Power Plant in Ohio, Most of the Chinese
coal-fired power stations)
Advantages: Disadvantages:
• cheap widely • very low pressure, high
specific volume, big
available installations needed
• non-toxic (turbine, condensor, etc)
• high heat capacity • high pressure drop to
excellent medium for become a high enthalpy
heat transport drop: expensive multi-
• chemical stable: stage turbines needed
• expansion has to start
less material
in the superheated area
requirements to avoid too much
• low viscosity: low moisture content after
friction losses expansion
• efficiency loss and
limited suitability to
waste heat recovery
 REFERENCES

 https://byjusexamprep.com/ideal-rankine-cycle-i
 https://
testbook.com/mechanical-engineering/rankine-cycle-process-
diagram-and-applications
 https://
www.slideshare.net/rajuthegrest/stirling-cycle-its-applications
-32767998
 https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/78915/
efficiency -of-stirling-engine-and-carnots-theorem
THANK YOU .