FREQUENCY RESPONSE

ANALYSIS

1
 Decibels
534
Power and audio levels are related on a log basis. That is an increase
of power level, say from 4 to 16 does not increase the audio level by a
factor of 16/4=4. rather it will increase the audio level by a factor 0f 2,
as obtained by (4)2 =16.
To increase the audio level by a factor 3, the power level should be
increased from 4 to (4)3 = 64.
P2
Bell is defined by the following equation, G  log10 bel
P1
Bell is a too large unit, so decibel is used, as defined by,

P2
G dB  10log10 dB
P1
 dBm

P1 is accepted as 1mW, then ,

P2
G dBm  10log10 dBm
1mW
 Voltage gain in dB
Source Load

V R

V12 V22
P1  P2 
R R 2
P2 V /R 2
 V2 
G dB  10log10  10log10  10 log10  
2
2
P1 V /R 1  V1 
V2
G v  20log10
V1
 Example
Amplifier Speaker
R = 10
Output Power = 40W
40W

If Power gain = 25dB, power input = ?

P2
25 G dB  10log10
P1
If Voltage gain = 40dB, input voltage = ?PR
?
Vo
40 G v  20log10
Vi ?
 Frequency dependent elements
Cutoff frequency at which the output voltage is 0.707 times the input voltage.
Vo
VO
CAt this frequency, output power is 50% of the maximum power.
R
Vi At that condition, R=Xc

0.707Vi
Vi
Vi  Vm sin100ft
Where frequency is
variable.
f1 f

1
Solving, f1 
2 RC
REQUENCY RESPONSE

In other words, at the frequency of which

X =R, the output will be 70.7% of the
C

input for the network

7
Frequency dependent elements
R
VO
Vo
C
Vi

Vi  Vm sin100ft
Where frequency is f1
variable.
f

1
f1 
2RC
 Gain vs Frequency curve
Mid frequency gain
Vo
Av 
Vi

.707Av mid
A v mid
f
Lower cutoff f1 f2
frequency Upper cutoff
frequency
Normalized Gain vs Frequency curve

Vo
Av 
Vi
1

0.707

f
f1 f2
FREQUENCY RESPONSE

11
FREQUENCY RESPONSE

12
 VCC
Low frequency response of BJT amplifier
RC
VO
R1
Cc
Q1
Cs
R2
Vi RE1
CE

RC Ic
VO
R1
Ib
c Ib CS
CS
R2 ri
Vi
e
RE CE
 LOW-FREQUENCY
AMPLIFIER RESPONSE
 Input RC Circuit
 Output RC Circuit
 Bypass RC Circuit

14
 VCC
Low frequency response of BJT amplifier
RC Considering the effect of CS only
VO

RS R1
Cc
Q1
Cs
R2
Vi RE1
CE

RC Ic
VO
R1
Ib
c Ib
CS
R2 ri
Vi
e
 Low frequency response of BJT amplifier

RC Ic
R1 1 V
RS
O

f LS
2  R S  R 1 || R 2b || ri  CS
I
c I b

CS
R2 ri
Vi
e

RS
RS R1
Ib
CS
Ri
CS
R2 ri Vi
Vi
e
 VCC
Low frequency response of BJT amplifier
RC
VO
CC
R1 RL
RS Cc c
Q1 RL
Ib ro RC
Cs
R2
Vi RE1
CE

RC Ic
Considering the effect of CC only VO
RS R1
Ib
c Ib CC
ro RL
R2 ri
Vi
e
 Low frequency response of BJT amplifier

Considering the effect of CC only

CC
RL
c

Ib ro RC

1
f LC 
2  ro || R C  R L  C C
 VCC
Low frequency response of BJT amplifier
RC Considering the effect of CE only
VO

RS R1
Cc
Q1
Cs
R2
Vi RE
CE

RC Ic
VO
RS R1
Ib
c Ib
R2 ri
Vi
e
RE CE
 Low frequency response of BJT amplifier
Considering the effect of CE only
R1
C Ic
RfS LE 
VO
R1
 Ib
c IbR '

2 R 
   r
S
 
  CE
R2  ri
E
e
Vi   
e
RE RS RS || R1 || R2
CE 
 

ri re
RS R1 R2
e
e
RE CE
RE CE
 1 20V Numerical Example
f LS  β = 100 frequency
Find the lower cutoff 6.86 Hz
2  1K  1.32K
4K forthe
10 F
single stage BJT amplifier.
ro =  VO

1K 40K 1 From
F DC analysis we get,
Q1 re = 15.76 R
10F
10K
Vi ri = β re = 100* 15.76 R = 1.576K
20F
2K
R1 ||R2||ri = 40K||10K||1.576K = 1.32K

1
f LS 
2  R S  R 1 || R 2 || ri  CS
 20V
Numerical Example
Β = 100
4K
Ro =  VO

1K 40K 1 F
Q1
10F
10K
Vi
20F
2K

1
f LC 
2  ro || R C  R L  C C
1
f LC   25.68 Hz
2  4K  2.2K 1F
 20V
Numerical Example
Β = 100
4K
Ro =  VO

1K 40K 1 F
Q1

f2KLE  327 Hz
10F
10K
Vi
20F

1
f LE 
 RS 
2
 R E ||   re 
 CE
 
f LS  6.86 Hz f LC  25.68Numerical
Hz Example

f LE  327 Hz
Vo
Av 
Vi

6.86

Lower cutoff
25.68
frequency =
327 327Hz
FET Amplifier
+VDD

RD
C2

RSi C1 Vo
RL
RG
Vi C3
RS

Common-source FET amplifier

25
Low-frequency Equivalent Circuit

RSi G D

+ C2
C1
Vgs
vi RG gmVgs RL
RD
-
S
RS C3

Input RC
Output RC
circuit
circuit

Bypass RC
circuit 26
The cutoff frequencies defined by the input , output
and bypass circuits can be obtained by the following
formulas:

RSi G D

+ C2
C1
Vgs
vi RG gmVgs RL
RD
-
S
RS C3

Input RC
circuit

1 where
Input RC circuit fc 
2RC1C1 RC1=RSi+RG
27
 RSi G D
+ C2
C1
Vgs
vi RG gmVgs RL
RD
-
S
RS C3

Output RC
circuit

1 where
Output RC circuit fc 
2RC 2C2 RC2=RD+RL
28
 RSi G D
+ C2
C1
Vgs
vi RG gmVgs RL
RD
-
S
RS C3

Bypass RC
circuit

1 where
Bypass RC circuit fc 
2RC 3C3 RC3=RS||1/gm
29
Low cut-off frequency
Hence,

fC = the largest of the three low cut-off

frequency

30
Example
+VDD
Determine the lower cutoff 20V
frequency for the FET amplifier.
Given K = 0.4mA/V2, VTN= 1V,  = 0
g m  2m RD
C2
4.7K
C1 Vo
RSi 0.01F 0.5F

10K RL
RG 2.2K
Vi 1M RS C3
2F
1K

31
Solution
Input RC circuit
1 1
fc    15.8 Hz
2RC1C1 2 (10 K  1M )(0.01 )

Bypass RC circuit
1 1
fc    238.73Hz
2RC 3C3 2 (1K 1 2m)(2  )
Output RC circuit
1 1
fc    46.13Hz
2RC 2C2 2 (4.7 K  2.2 K )(0.5 )
32
Since fc in bypass RC circuit is the largest of the
three cutoff frequencies, it defines the low cutoff
frequency for the amplifier:

 fc = 238.73Hz

33
 HIGH-FREQUENCY
AMPLIFIER RESPONSE
 Input RC Circuit
 Output RC Circuit

34
 VCC
High frequency response of
RC BJT amplifier
VO

Cbc
Cc
RS R1 RL
Cce

Cs
R2 Cbe Wiring Capacitance
W
Vi o

Miller Capacitance

Wi RE1 Parasitic capacitance

CE
 Cf Miller Effect
I2 I i  I1  I 2
Ii I1
Vi I  Vi
Vo Ii 
Av 
1
Vi Vo Zi Ri
Zi Ri
Vi
Vi  Vo Vi  A v Vi (1  A v )Vi
I2  1 1
XXCMC  C
X X Cf
f ωC M ω(1 A v )Cf
f

Vi Vi Vi 1 1 1
1  1  1  
Zi  R i  X cf /(1  A v ) Zi R i X CM
Zi R i X cf /(1  A v )
 Cf Miller Effect
I2

Ii I1
Vo
Vi
Zi
Av  Vo
Ri
Vi
C Mi  (1  A v )Cf

Vi Ri CM
 Cf I2 Miller Effect

I1 Io

Vo
Vi Av  Vo

Vi Ro

 1 
C Mo  1   C f
 Av 

Ro CM
Vo
 VCC
High frequency response of
RC BJT amplifier
VO

Cbc
Cc
RS R1 RL
Cce
CMo
Cs
R2 Cbe
CWo
Vi

CMi
CWi RE1
CE
 R S || R 1High
|| Rfrequency
2 || ri
response of
BJT amplifier

1
f HI  C C C
2  R S || R 1 || R 2 || ri C Mi  C Wi  C be 
Mi Wi be

RC Ic
R1 VO
RS Ib

RL
R2 ri Ib ro
Vi CMo CWo Cce
CMi CWi Cbee
High frequency response of
BJT amplifierR C || R L || rO

C Mo  C Wo  C ce
RC Ic
R1 VO
RS Ib
1
f HO R
2  R C || R L | rO C Mo  CCWo C CceC
RL
2
ri Ib ro
Vi
Mo Wo ce
CMi CWi Cbe e
 20V Numerical Example
Find the upper cutoff frequency
β = 100 for the single stage BJT amplifier.
4K
ro =  VO
From DC analysis we get,
1K 40K 1 F
re = 2.2K
15.76 R and Av = -90
Q1
10F
10K ri = β re = 100* 15.76 R = 1.576K
Vi
2K C20F
Mi= (1-(-90))*4pf = 364 pF

Cbe = 36pF, Cbc =4pF, Cce=1pF,

Cwi=6pF, Cwo = 8pF. 1
f HI   738.24 KHz
2  1K || 40K || 10K || 1.576K 6pF  36pF  364pF

1
f HI 
2  R S || R 1 || R 2 || ri C Mi  C Wi  C be 
 20V Numerical Example
Find the upper cutoff frequency
β = 100 for the single stage BJT amplifier.
4K
ro =  VO

1K 40K 1 F
From DC analysis we get, 2.2K
Q1
re = 15.7610F
R and A10K
v = -90
Vi  1 
2K C  1 
Mo
20F
 * 4pF  4.04pF
  90 
1
HO  Cbc =4pF, Cce=1pF,
Cbe =f36pF,  8.6MHz
2 
C =6pF, C = 8pF.
wi

wo
4K || 2.2K 8pF  1pF  4 . 04 pF 
1
f HO 
2  R C || R L | rO C Mo  C Wo  C be 
f HI  738.24 KHz Numerical Example

f HO  8.6 MHz
Vo
Av 
Vi

738KHz

Higher cutoff 8.6MHz

frequency =
738kHz
 Frequency
V Bandwidth
Av  o
Vi

Usually the upper breakpoint is much higher

(several hundred kHz) than the lower breakpoint
( few hundred Hz), therefore the bandwidth f
6.86 approximately refers to the upper breakpoint
frequency.
Frequency 738KHz
Bandwidth
=738kHz – 327Hz
25.68 8.6MHz
= 737.663KHz
327

Lower cutoff Higher cutoff

frequency = frequency =
327Hz 738kHz
 Frequency response of Multistage Amplifier

Av Higher cutoff
frequency
Amplifier 2 of
Amplifier 1
Lower cutoffAvmid combination of
frequency of amplifier 1 &2
combination of
amplifier 1 &2
0.707

Lower cutoff
frequency of
amplifier 1

Lower cutoff Higher cutoff Higher cutoff

frequency of frequency of frequency of
amplifier 2 amplifier 2 amplifier 1
HIGH-FREQUENCY
Small capacitances exist between the
gate and drain and between the gate
and source. These affect the frequency
characteristics of the circuit.

Cgd
G D
+

Vgs Cgs gmVgs ro

-

hi-frequency hybrid- model 47

Basic data sheet for the BS 107 n-MOSFET

Cgs = Ciss - Crss

Cgd = Crss

48
Unity-Gain Bandwidth
 Unity gain frequency / bandwidth, fT is defined
as a frequency at which the magnitude of the
short-circuit current gain goes to 1

gm
fT 
2 (C gs  C gd )
 It is a parameter of FET & is independent of
circuit

Page 521

49
FET Amplifier
In high-frequency analysis, +VDD
coupling and bypass
capacitors are assumed to
have negligible reactances
and are considered to be RD
R1 C2
shorts.
vo
RSi C1

RL
vi R2
RS C3

50
High-frequency hybrid- model

with Miller effect

RSi RTH1 RTH2
Vo

Vi R1||R2 Cgs CMi CMo RD||RL

gmVgs

C Mi  C gd 1  A CMo
 1
 C gd 1  
 A
Cin  C gs  CMi Cout  CMo

A : midband gain
51
The cutoff frequencies defined by the input and output
circuits can be obtained by first finding the Thevenin
equivalent circuits for each section as shown below:

RTH1 RTH2

Cin Cout
vi vi

(a) Input circuit (b) Output circuit

1 1
fc  fc 
2RTH 1Cin 2RTH 2Cout
where RTH1 = RSi||R1||R2 and where RTH2 = RD||RL and
Cin = Cgs + CMi Cout = CMo
52
Example
Find the cutoff frequency of the
input and output RC circuit for the
FET amplifier in figure below. +VDD
Given that Cgd=0.1pF, Cgs=1pF, K 10 V
=0.5mA/V2 and VTN=2V, =0.
RD 4 k
R1 234 k C2 vo

RSi C1

10 k 20 k RL
vi R2 166 k
RS C3
0.5 k

53
Solution
DC Analysis
 R2 
VG   VDD  4.15V
 R1  R2 
VS
ID  and VS  VG  VGS
RS
VG  VGS
 K VGS  VTN 
2

RS
0.50.5k VGS 2  4VGS  4  4.15  VGS
VGS  3.55V
g m  2 K VGS  VTN   1.55mS
54
  R1 R2 
Midband gain A   g m RD RL    4.68

 R1 R2  RSi 
Input RC circuit

 Thevenin’s equivalent RTH 1  RSi R1 R2  9.28 k

resistance at the input

CMi  C gd  A  1  0.1 p 5.79   0.579 pF

 total input capacitance

Cin  C gs  CMi  1  0.579  1.58 pF

 upper cutoff frequency 1 1
introduced by input f c ( in )  
capacitance
2RTH 1Cin 2 9.28k 1.58 p 
 10.85MHz
55
 Output RC circuit

 Thevenin’s equivalent
resistance at the output
RTH 2  RD RL  3.33 k

 1
 total output capacitance CMo  C gd 1    0.1 p 5  0.5 pF
 A
Cout  CMo  0.5 pF
 upper cutoff frequency
1 1
introduced by output
f c ( out )  
2 3.33k 0.5 p 
capacitance
2RTH 2Cout
 95.49MHz
56