BSCRIM3-G2

FIRE PRO. AND ARSON INV.

(TEAM 3)

LADDER
OPERATIONS
LESSON 2.2
Ladder

ATTIC LADDER

It provides means of reaching

through an opening into attics, lofts,
and other areas that are somewhat
difficult to reach without a special
ladder.
WALL LADDER
This type of ladder best used in rescue where a ladder in place is already falls short of
the endangered person. It allows the user to climb up or down, one storey

Wall Ladder and Pompier Ladder

Ladder

TYPES OF LADDER ACCORDING

TO ITS BEAM

a) Solid beam ground ladder made of

heavy-hard wood and/or lightweight
metal alloys.
b) Trussed beam ground ladder a
lightweight metal alloy easier to
handle and carry. A. B.
Ladder

TYPES OF LADDER ACCORDING

TO ITS BEAM

a) Solid beam ground ladder made of

heavy-hard wood and/or lightweight
metal alloys.
b) Trussed beam ground ladder a
lightweight metal alloy easier to
handle and carry. A. B.
AERIAL LADDER
This type of ladder that is mounted on a turntable, capable of extending up to 30.5
meters (100 feet), may have three or four metal fly sections of ladder that can be raised
or lowered by hydraulically controlled cable.

HYDRAULIC AERIAL ELEVATED PLATFORM

Ladder

TYPES OF TRUCK-MOUNTED LADDER

HYDRAULIC AERIAL TOWER LADDER

ARTICULATING BOOM LADDER
LADDER TERMINOLOGIES

1.Bed Ladder the lowest section of an extension ladder. 34

2. Fly Ladder the top section of an extension ladder
3. Butt the bottom end of a ladder
4. Heel ground the part of the ladder that touches the
5. Halyard a rope oor cable used to raise the fly ladder
6. Pawl or Dog the mechanism located at the end of the fly ladder that locks to the bed
ladder
7. Rung the cross member of a ladder that is used for climbing
8. Top or Tip - it is the top part of a ladder
9. Hooks part of a ladder that is used to hook over a roof peak, sills, or walls where the
heel does not rest on a foundation (found only on roof-type ladders).
10. Stops made of metal or wood blocks used to prevent the fly of an extension ladder
from extending out further from the ladder.
11. Guides - light metal strips of an extension ladder that guides the fly ladder while it
is being raised or lowered.
LADDER TERMINOLOGIES
"HANDLING OF LADDERS"
A. LADDER SAFETY
•Always wear protective gear including gioves when working with ladders;
•Choose the proper ladder for the job;
•Use leg muscle when lifting ladders below the waist;
•use the proper number of fire fighters/personnel for each raise;
•make sure that ladders are not raised into electrical wires;
•Check ladder for proper angle;
•Check the rung locks to be sure that they are seated over the rungs;
•make sure that the ladder is secure at the top of bottom or both before •Climbing;
climb smoothly and rhythmically;
•do not overload the ladder;
•always use a leg lock when working from the ladder;
•Inspect ladders for damage and wear after each use
"HANDLING OF LADDERS"
B. Working Rules for Ladder Length

• Ladder should extend a few feet preferably 5 rungs beyond foot edge for both
footing and handhold for person stepping the ladder;

• For ventilation, ladder is place at the side of a window, windward side; for rescue
from a window opening, the tip of the ladder should be placed just below the window
sill. If the window opening is wide enough, the ladder may be extended into one side
of the opening, two or three rungs above the window sill.
"HANDLING OF LADDERS"
C. Other Ladder Placement guidelines
•Place ladder at least two points on different sides of the building;
•avoid placing ladders over openings such as windows and doors;
•take advantage of strong points in building construction when placing ladder;
•avoid placing ladders where they may come into contact with overhead •obstruction
such as wires, tree limbs or signage;
•avoid placing ladders on main paths of travel that fire fighters or evacuees will need
to use; avoid placing ladders on uneven terrain oron soft spots;
•avoid placing ladders where they may come in contact either on burning surfaces or
openings with flames present;
•avoid placing ladders on top of elevator trapdoors or utility covers;
do not place ladders against unstable walls or surfaces.
Ladder
What should you do to secure safety when using extension ladders?

Place ladders on a firm, level surface and ensure the footing is secure.
Erect extension ladders so that the upper section rests on (e.g., in front
of) the bottom section. This means the bottom section "faces" a wall or
other supporting surface
Place the ladder feet so that the horizontal distance between the feet and
the top support is 1/4 of the working length of the ladder.
Important Factors and Precautionary Measures in
Ladder Raise

•Fire fighters must need to look overhead for electrical wires or equipment before
making final selection on where to place a ladder or what method to us for raising it.

•A distance of at least 10 ft (3m) from all energized electrical equipment. The distance
must be maintained at all times, including the raising of the ladder.

•In general, metal and fibreglass extension ladders are designed to be used with the
FLY OUT (away from the building)_ except specified by the ladder manufacturer.
Wood extension ladders are intended to be deployed with the FLY IN (next to the
building).
Ladder
TYPE OF LADDER CARRIES

ONE MAN CARRY

Ladder
TYPE OF LADDER CARRIES

TWO-MAN CARRY
Ladder
TYPE OF LADDER CARRIES

FOUR MAN CARRY

Ladder
TYPE OF LADDER CARRIES

SIX-MAN CARRY
LADDER RAISES

Ladder raising requires practice and cooperation. Before raising a ladder, you must
know how far you should place the heel of the ladder from the building.

Ways or Methods to Determine the Distance of the Ladder Heel from the Building:

1. Divide the length of the ladder by 5 and add 2. e.i. if the ladder is fully extended,
the heel should be 9 feet from the building (35/5=7+2=9).

2. Divide the length of the ladder by 4. If you used a fully extended 35-foot

Ladder, divide 35 by 4 and the result is also a distance of approximately 9 feet

Ladder

TYPES OF LADDER RAISE

• ONE-MAN RAISE
• TWO-MAN RAISE
• THREE-MAN RAISE
• FOUR-MAN RAISE
STEPS IN ONE MAN LADDER RAISE
1. Place the heel of the ladder against the building,
2. "Walk" the ladder up to the building by using the rungs,
3. Place the ladder against the building:
4. After the ladder is in upright position, lift the ladder off the ground and place it back
to the correct climbing angle,
5. Safety the ladder by placing the ball of either foot on the bottom rung, then place
hand on the rung.

STEPS IN TWO-MAN LADDER RAISE

1. Place the ladder close the building. One man stands at the bottom rung inside to
steady the ladder. The other man is at the top with one hand on a rung and one hand on
the beam:
2. The man on the top "walks" the ladder up to the building by using the rungs of the
ladder,
3. Turn the ladder so the extension is in the correct position for raising. The smaller
man in the front, when the ladder is turned, he is on the inside between the wall and
the ladder,
4. Untie the halyard and raise the ladder to the desired height;
5. The the halyard on the rung and move the ladder out to the proper climbing height.
STEPS IN THREE-MAN LADDER RAISE

1. Place the heel of the ladder as close to the building as possible. One man is at the
bottom rung of the ladder closest to the wall. The other two at the top holding onto the
beam;
2. The two men "walk" the ladder up to the building
by using the beam of the ladder, 3. Turn the ladder so the extension is in the correctp
osition for raising;
4. Raise the extension ladder;
5. Tie the halyard on the rung. Bring the ladder out to the correct climbing angle. Two
men safety the ladder.
STEPS IN Four-Man Raise RAISE

The 36-foot extension ladder should not be raised by

less than three people. Four men are better. The
four- man raise is very similar to the three-man raise;
but two men are used at the heel of the ladder on
this raise.
Ladder

PROPER CLIMBING ANGLE RULE OF THUMB

Stand with your toes against the butt, with outstretched arms, reach for a
rung at about shoulder level (applicable only for an average fire fighter,
on the other hand an exceptionally tail or short fire fighter might have to
make some adjustments) approximately 75 degrees angle of inclination
between the ladder and the ground.
Ladder

LOCKING IN ON A LADDER
 BSCRIM3-G2
FIRE PRO. AND ARSON INV.
(TEAM 3)

POST-
EXTINGISHMENT
PROCEDURE
LESSON 2.3
POST EX.
SALVAGE COVER

Two Sizes of Standard Salvage Covers

1. Small (12 by 14 feet, Accordion Fold)
2. Large (12 by 18 feet)
Methods used for Cover:
"One-man throw" technique a quick way to spread the small salvage
cover in protecting materials/items.
The "counter payoff" method used for spreading the cover by two men
POST EX.
STEPS TO FOLD LARGE SALVAGE COVER
POST EX.
OVERHAUL
This operation involves a complete and detailed check of the structures
and materials involved in the fire to make sure that every spark and
ember has been extinguished and there is no possibility of re-ignition.

STRUCTURAL STABILITY
Before the search for hidden fires, the condition of the building in the
area to be searched should be known.
POST EX.
Preserving Evidence and Building Cleanup

Fires of intentional origin can be caused, responded to and extinguished

without anyone noticing, reporting or investigating. Fire Department
personnel must be able to recognize the evidence that is sometimes
quite pronounced during and immediately after the fires. Arson is a
peculiar crime because there are usually no complaining witnesses to it.
STEPS IN PRESERVING EVIDENCE

1. Protecting and Preserving Evidence

2. Guarding Evidence

3. Identifying and Removing Evidence

PROTECTING AND PRESERVING EVIDENCE

1. Keep the evidence where you found it, untouched and undisturbed, if at all possible;

2. When you discover that you cannot leave at the fire scene, properly identify and
safeguard it. Make no changes of any kind in the evidence other than what is
absolutely necessary in the extinguishment of the fire;

3. Photograph the evidence immediately. One precautionary to be taken by all fire

fighters during the fire fighting operation is to avoid trampling over possible arson
evidence and obliterating it. Be careful in the use of water to avoid similar
unsatisfactory results.
GUARDING EVIDENCE

1. Cordon or rope the area containing the evidence, or pile goods and materials of
various kinds around the evidence to keep people away until the arrival of the
investigators.

2. Post guards to prevent tampering with the evidence or handling it needlessly. Leave
plenty of room around the evidence to protect it exactly as found.
Methods or Ways Investigator/s to protect Human
Foot- prints:

a) measure footprints;
b) compare the prints;
c) estimate the length of stride and the position of the feet; 38
d) peculiarities in the gait (walk or run) of a suspect;
e) secure identifying marks on the soles and heels of the shoes;
f) placed box over prints to prevent dust from blowing over clear prints;
g) keep them from in good condition for photographs and plaster casts.
Methods or Ways Investigator/s to protect Human
Foot- prints:

a) measure footprints;
b) compare the prints;
c) estimate the length of stride and the position of the feet; 38
d) peculiarities in the gait (walk or run) of a suspect;
e) secure identifying marks on the soles and heels of the shoes;
f) placed box over prints to prevent dust from blowing over clear prints;
g) keep them from in good condition for photographs and plaster casts.

Identifying and Removing Evidence

POST EX.
BUILDING CLEAN UP
After a fire is extinguished, water and debris will remain. It is the
responsibility of the fire protection personnel to remove them. Scoop up
non salvageable materials, such as plaster, rags paper, and the like, into
a carrier, carry them out of the building, and pile them in a conspicuous
place for future examination.
REPORTERS
GROUP 5

Thank You!