Overview of Mathematics And

Contribution of Muslim Scholars

Presented by Presented to
Name Roll no Sir Sohail Baloch

Rimsha 23011515-064
Mubarra 23011515-071
Introduction of Mathematics
The word mathematics comes from the Greek word manthanein,
meaning "to learn.“
Origin :
We can trace back the origin of Mathematics to about 18,000 BC
via the Ishango bone.
The etchings on an Ishango bone are reminiscent of tally marks
which is the system you’d use if you wanted to quickly count
something.
The first invented mathematical subjects were arithmetic and
geometry with the respective applications being accounting and
architecture. Accounting is particularly important because it’s a
system that allowed and encouraged trading to develop.
Phoenicians for example didn’t seem to be particularly interested
in reading poems or stories, their only surviving writings are
ledgers.
Eventually we found more efficient representations
that let us count large numbers more quickly. Here’s
an early decimal system from ancient Egypt.
At some point numbers started to become something more
abstract, as opposed to just taking on values, numbers could be
used to for arithmetic computation. While knowledge of addition
α + β was evident even since the Ishango bone, it took bit longer
to understand the utility of

Multiplication: α × β
which helps you
count much more
quickly
Reciprocals: 1 / α
which then helps you
understand division to
split things up
efficiently
Pythagoras (~600 BC) started a communal One of the most famous proofs
living society that sought to further of the existence of irrational
mathematical knowledge and see its numbers came almost 200 years
relationship to all other aspects of life later by Euclid (~400 BC).

Fibonacci (1200) introduced

Arabic numbers in the West —
main motivation was
accounting for commerce.
The Arabic numerals should
really be called the Brahmi
numerals (~250 BC) and took
over a thousand years for
people in the West to see the
utility.
Definition of Mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes
the topics of numbers, formulas and related
structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are
contained, and quantities and their changes.

It gives us a way to
understand patterns, to
quantify relationships,
and to predict the
future.
Math helps us
understand the world —
and we use the world to
understand math.
Branches of Mathematics

Mathematics is divided into several branches, each with its own

focus and methods. Here are the main branches of mathematics:
1. Pure Mathematics
2. Applied Mathematics
 Pure Mathematics
1. Arithmetic: The study of basic
operations (addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division) on numbers 2. Algebra: Focuses on symbols and rules for manipulating those
symbols. Key areas include solving equations, understanding
functions, and working with polynomials and matrices.
3. Geometry: Concerned with the properties and relations of
points, lines, surfaces, and solids. It includes subfields like
Euclidean geometry, non-Euclidean geometry, and topology.

4. Trigonometry: Deals with

the relationships between the
angles and sides of triangles. It
is fundamental in the study of
periodic phenomena.
 Pure Mathematics
5. Calculus: Involves the study of change and motion
through derivatives and integrals. It is divided into
6. Number Theory: The study of properties and
differential calculus and integral calculus.
relationships of numbers, particularly integers. It includes
topics like prime numbers, divisibility, and modular
arithmetic.
7. Combinatorics: Focuses on counting, arrangement,
and combination of objects. It includes graph theory and
the study of permutations and combinations.
8. Topology: The study of properties of space that are
preserved under continuous deformations. It includes
concepts like continuity, compactness, and
connectedness.
9. Mathematical Logic: Involves the study of formal
logical systems and their applications in mathematics. It
includes set theory, model theory, and proof theory.
1. Statistics: The study of data collection,
analysis, interpretation, and presentation. It
involves probability theory and various
methods for making inferences about
populations based on sample data.
Applied Mathematics
2. Probability: The study of randomness and uncertainty. It
involves the analysis of random events and the likelihood of
various outcomes.
3. Operational Research: Focuses on optimization and decision-
making in complex systems. It involves techniques like linear
programming, queuing theory, and game theory.
4. Mathematical Physics: The application of mathematics to
problems in physics and the development of mathematical
methods for such applications.
Applied Mathematics
5. Mathematical Biology: The application of
mathematical techniques to solve biological problems. It
includes modeling of biological systems and analysis of
biological data.
6. Numerical Analysis: The study of algorithms for
approximating solutions to mathematical problems. It
includes methods for solving differential equations,
optimization problems, and systems of linear equations.
7. Control Theory: Focuses on the behavior of
dynamical systems with inputs. It involves designing
control systems to achieve desired behaviors in
engineered systems.
Each of these branches has its own specialized techniques
and applications, but they are also interconnected, often
drawing on concepts and methods from one another to
solve complex problems.
Mathematics in real life
Mathematics plays a crucial role in various aspects of daily life
and is foundational to many fields and activities. Here are some
examples of how mathematics is applied in real life:
 Personal Finance
 Shopping and Cooking
 Travel and Navigation
 Home and Construction
 Technology and Engineering
 Health and Medicine
 Economics and Business
 Sports and Recreation
 Education
Contribution of muslim Scholars in Mathematics
Muslim scholars made significant contributions to mathematics, especially during the Islamic Golden Age (8th
to 14th centuries). Their work had a profound impact on the development of mathematics in both the Islamic
world and Europe. Here are some notable contributions:
 Al-Khwarizmi:
Often referred to as the "father of
algebra," Al-Khwarizmi wrote the book
"Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala" (The
Book of Restoration and Balancing),
from which the term "algebra" is
derived. His work systematized the
solving of linear and quadratic
equations and introduced methods that
formed the foundation of algebra as a
distinct mathematical discipline.
• Omar Khayyam:
Known for his work on solving cubic equations and his contributions to
algebraic geometry. He provided geometric solutions to cubic equations
by intersecting conic sections.
 Al-Kindi:
‫ ;أبو يوسف يعقوب بن إسحاق الصّباح الكندي‬Latin
: Alkindus; c. 801–873 AD) was an Arab
Muslim polymath active as a philosopher
, mathematician, physician, and music
theorist.Made significant contributions to
cryptography and the use of frequency
analysis to break ciphers.

 Abu Kamil Shuja:

Built upon Al-Khwarizmi's work and
extended it to solve higher-order
polynomial equations.
His work influenced later
mathematicians in the Islamic world and
Europe.
 Thabit ibn Qurra:
Made contributions to number theory
and geometry, including the
development of the theorem now
known as the "Theorem of Thabit" for
amicable numbers.

 Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen):

Known for his work in optics and
geometry, particularly for his
development of the principles of
reflection and refraction.

His "Book of Optics" laid the

groundwork for the modern
science of optics.
 Al-Battani:
Improved the accuracy of existing
astronomical data and contributed to
the development of trigonometry.
He calculated the values of sine,
cosine, and tangent functions and
their tables.

 Nasir al-Din al-Tusi:

Made significant advances in
spherical trigonometry, which was
essential for astronomical studies.
 Al-Farghani:
Wrote a comprehensive treatise on the
movements of celestial bodies, which
was widely read and translated into
Latin in medieval Europe.

 Al-Zarqali (Arzachel):
Known for his work on the
construction and use of the astrolabe,
which was crucial for astronomical
observations and navigation.
 Mathematical Institutions
House of Wisdom in Baghdad:
An intellectual center where scholars translated Greek
and Indian mathematical texts into Arabic, preserving and
expanding upon ancient knowledge. Scholars like Al-
Khwarizmi and Thabit ibn Qurra were associated with this
institution.
Thank you ❤