Seminar Topic: Categorizing Software

Projects

USN: 2JR21CS073, 2JR21CS074

 INTRODUCTION
• Projects may differ because of the different technical products to be
created.
• So we need to identify characteristics of a project which could affect the
way in which project should be planned and managed.
• Categories:
• Compulsory Vs Voluntary systems
• Information Vs Embedded systems
• Objective-based Vs Product-based systems
• Outsourced project
 Compulsory Vs Voluntary systems (projects):

• Compulsory systems are the systems which the staff of an organization have to use if they want to do a
task.
• These systems are mandated for use by employees because they serve critical functions that are
necessary for business processes, communication, compliance, or security. Here are some key features
and examples:
• Key Features:
• Mandatory Usage: Employees are required to use these systems as part of their job responsibilities.
• Organizational Necessity: They fulfill essential organizational needs such as managing operations,
communication, data security, or regulatory compliance.
• Integration: These systems are often integrated with other core systems within the organization to
ensure smooth workflow and data consistency.
• Examples:
1. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems: Used to manage interactions with current and
potential customers, helping to streamline sales and marketing efforts.
2. Email and Communication Platforms: Essential for official correspondence within and outside the
organization, including email clients, instant messaging platforms used for work-related communication.
3. Financial Systems: Includes accounting software, budgeting tools, and financial reporting systems used
• Voluntary systems are the systems which are voluntarily used by the users eg computer gaming,
school project, etc.
• Voluntary systems are not mandatory for employees to use but are chosen based on personal
preference, specific project needs, or to enhance individual productivity. These systems cater to
individual interests, personal organization, or specialized tasks that may not be directly related to
core business operations.
• Key Features:
• Optional Usage: Users choose to use these systems based on their personal needs or project
requirements.
• Individual Preference: They often reflect individual interests, hobbies, or preferences rather than
organizational requirements.
• Enhanced Productivity: Used to improve personal efficiency, organization, or collaboration
within specific teams or projects.
• Examples:
1.Computer Gaming Software: Used for entertainment or relaxation during breaks or after work
hours.
2.Project Management Tools: Chosen by teams or individuals to organize tasks, collaborate on
projects, and track progress.
 Information Vs Embedded systems (projects):
• Information systems are used by staff to carry out office processes and tasks eg stock control
system.
• Information Systems helps in office day to day processes. Examples of Information system are
transaction processing system, knowledge management system, learning management system,
database system etc.
• They play a crucial role in facilitating the flow of information within an organization, enabling
efficient decision-making and operational management.
• Key Characteristics:
1. Data Management: Information systems handle various types of data, such as transactional data,
customer data, inventory data, and more. They ensure data integrity, security, and accessibility.
2. Automation of Processes: IS automate and streamline routine tasks and processes, reducing
manual effort and improving efficiency. For example, stock control systems automate inventory
tracking and ordering processes.
3. Decision Support: They provide tools and information for decision-making at different levels of the
organization, from operational decisions to strategic planning.
4. Integration: Information systems often integrate different functions and departments within an
organization, ensuring consistency and efficiency across various operations.
• Embedded systems are used to control machines eg. a system controlling
equipment in a building. and embedded system are used to control
machines
• While Embedded systems control Microwave oven, AC, Mp3 Player, Digital
Camera, Washing Machine etc.
• They are typically embedded directly into the hardware they control and
operate in real-time, often with specific constraints on size, power
consumption, and reliability.
• Many embedded systems operate in real-time, meaning they must respond
to inputs and produce outputs within strict time constraints.
 Objective-based Vs Product-based systems (projects):

• Project whose requirement is to meet certain objectives which could be met in

a number of ways, is objective-based project.
• An objective-based project is defined by its primary focus on achieving specific
goals or objectives. The key aspects of objective-based projects include:
• Focus: The main emphasis is on accomplishing defined objectives or
outcomes. These objectives are typically set based on organizational needs,
strategic goals, or desired improvements.
• Flexibility: There can be multiple approaches or methods to achieve these
objectives. The project team has the freedom to choose the most suitable
strategies and actions to meet the goals.
• Project whose requirement is to create a product, the details of which have been
specified by the client, is product-based project.
• A product-based project, in contrast, revolves around the development and
delivery of a specific product or solution that has been detailed and specified by
the client or stakeholders. Key characteristics include:
• Focus: The primary objective is to create and deliver a tangible product or
solution according to precise specifications provided by the client.
• Specific Requirements: The project scope and deliverables are clearly defined
from the outset. This includes features, functionalities, design elements,
performance criteria, and any other specific requirements identified by the client.
• Outcome Measurement: Success is measured by how well the final product
aligns with the specified requirements and meets the expectations of the client or
stakeholders.
 Outsourced Projects
• Outsourcing is a business practice in which a company hires a third-party to
perform tasks, handle operations or provide services for the company.
Companies can outsource entire divisions, such as its entire IT department,
or just parts of a particular department.

• By outsourcing them you are going to be paying a fixed amount to a project

manager to complete the project and at the same time keep your current
staff available for internal tasks. By outsourcing a project, you could end up
hiring a real talent
THANK YOU