Sedimentary rocks

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‫‪group 12‬‬
‫محمد شكري محمد محمود رضوان سكشن ‪• 1- 4‬‬
‫سكشن ‪• 2-4‬‬ ‫محمد جمال محمد احمد‬
‫سكشن ‪• 3-1‬‬ ‫ابراهيم محمد محمود‬
‫محمود ابراهيم محمد فهيم سكشن ‪• 4- 5‬‬
‫محمد محمود احمد محمد سكشن ‪5-5‬‬

‫‪Presented to Dr/Magdy Basta‬‬

Sedimentary rocks
• Definition:
• Are rocks which are formed from the break down of older
rocks (disintegration) into small particles called sediments by
weathering and erosion and then transported to another area
to be deposited and cemented together forming sedimentary
rocks.
Sedimentary rock formation:

sedimentation compaction cementation

Sedimentary rock formation:

• Sedimentation:
A river carries, or transports, pieces of broken rock as it flows
along. When the river reaches a lake or the sea, its load of
transported rocks settles to the bottom. We say that the rocks
are deposited. The deposited rocks build up in layers, called
sediments.
• Compaction:
The weight of the sediments on top squashes the sediments at
the bottom.
Sedimentary rock formation:

• The water is squeezed out from between the pieces of rock

and crystals of different salts form.
• Cementation:
The crystals form a sort of glue that sticks or cements the
pieces of rock together.
Classification of sedimentery rocks
• Based on the processes responsible for their formation (the
origin).

• Based on the chemical composition.

Based on the origin
o Clastic sedimentary rocks.

o Biochemical sedimentary rocks.

o Chemical sedimentary rocks.

Clastic sedimentary rocks
• Clastic: rock fragments cemented by silicate minerals.
• composed largely of quartz, feldspar, rock fragments, clay minerals
and mica.
• Breccia
organic sedimentary rocks
o created by biological process where organisms use materials
dissolved in water to build their tissue.
o Coal

o Gastropod Limestone
Chemical sedimentary rocks
• Form by precipitation of minerals from water. By evaporating the
water or changing its temperature.
• CaCl2….(halite)

• CaCO3…(calcite)
Based on the chemical composition.
• Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks.
• Carbonate sedimentary rocks.
• Evaporite sedimentary rocks.
• Organic-rich sedimentary rocks.
• Iron-rich sedimentary rocks.
• Phosphatic sedimentary rocks.
 • Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks, are dominantly
composed of silicate minerals.

• Carbonate sedimentary rocks are composed of calcite (CaCO3), dolomite

(Ca,Mg(CO3)2), and other carbonate minerals based on the (CO3)
ion. Common examples include (limestone).
 Evaporite sedimentary rocks are composed of minerals formed from the
evaporation of water. (halite)

 Organic-rich sedimentary rocks have significant amounts of organic

material. (coal).
Iron-rich sedimentary rocks are composed of iron; the most common
forms are ironstones.

Phosphatic sedimentary rocks are composed of phosphate

minerals.
Sedimentary texture :

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Is divided to:

1-clastic texture

Dr/Magdy Basta
2- crystaline texture

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Clastic sedimentary rocks:
They are composed of grains

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from pre-existing rocks,
Cemented together

Dr/Magdy Basta
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Crystaline texture:

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Grains are regularly Arranged for a long period

Dr/Magdy Basta
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Mineral composition:
• When igneous rocks are exposed to weathering many of
common minerals completely dissolve or partially dissolve and
convert into clay minerals
• Of the eight common igneous minerals only
(quartz, k-feldspar, and muscovite) are commonly seen in
sedimentary rocks
These minerals are joined by clay minerals like (calcite,
dolomite, gypsum, and halite.)
Common rocks:

Wednesday, July 10, 2024

• Breccia :
• Is a clastic sedimentary rock that is composed of large (over two-
millimeter diameter) angular fragments. The spaces between the
large fragments can be filled with a matrix of smaller particles or a

Dr/Magdy Basta
mineral cement which binds the rock together. The specimen shown
above is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
•

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Halite:
Rock Salt is a chemical sedimentary rock that forms from the
evaporation of ocean or saline lake waters. It is also known by the
mineral name "halite." It is rarely found at Earth's surface, except in
areas of very arid climate. It is often mined for use in the chemical
industry or for use as a winter highway treatment. Some halite is
processed for use as a seasoning for food. The specimen shown above
is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
Conglomerate:
• is a clastic sedimentary rock that contains large (greater
than two millimeters in diameter) rounded particles. The
space between the pebbles is generally filled with
smaller particles and/or a chemical cement that binds
the rock together. The specimen shown above is about
two inches (five centimeters) across.
Limestone:
• Limestone is a rock that is composed primarily of calcium
carbonate. It can form organically from the accumulation of
shell, coral, algal, and fecal debris. It can also form chemically
from the precipitation of calcium carbonate from lake or
ocean water. Limestone is used in many ways. Some of the
most common are: production of cement, crushed stone, and
acid neutralization. The specimen shown above is about two
inches (five centimeters) across.
Oil shale:
Is a rock that contains significant amounts of organic
material in the form of kerogen. Up to 1/3 of the rock can
be solid organic material. Liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons
can be extracted from the oil shale, but the rock must be
heated and/or treated with solvents.
Dolimite:
• Dolomite (also known as "dolostone" and "dolomite
rock") is a chemical sedimentary rock that is very similar
to limestone. It is thought to form when limestone or
lime mud is modified by magnesium-rich ground water.
The specimen shown above is about four inches (ten
centimeters) across.
Sandstone:
• Is a clastic sedimentary rock made up mainly of sand-size
(1/16 to 2 millimeter diameter) weathering debris.
Environments where large amounts of sand can
accumulate include beaches, deserts, flood plains, and
deltas. The specimen shown above is about two inches
(five centimeters) across.