Techniques for validation of instruments

• Validation refers to whether or not that the test measures what it was designed
to measure.
• The validity of the instruments for data collection for our study will be done
through expert judgement, face validity and pilot testing.
• Face validity is the assessment of whether an instrument appears on its face to
measure what its intended to measure.
• Pilot study will be done and any correction found will be made accordingly in
relation to the study topic. The results of the pilot study will not be included in
the final findings of the research.
• For expert judgement, three or more lecturers should revies the instrument and
agree if its appropriate for a particular situation.
• A research that uses an instrument that is not validated is usually met with
suspicion (Fowler, 2009).
 Data Management, Analysis and
Presentation
• Procedure for data management and storage
Data collected will be recorded into Google sheets 2021 and used to examine the
variables under study.
The whole data under the management of the researcher will be stored, managed
and applied.
For the electronic data, the data will be stored in an encrypted form with access
only to the researchers.
The hard data will be stored in the nursing library for a few years before it being
destroyed.
 Procedure for Data Analysis and
Presentation
• Raw data gathered will be recorded in a google sheet. We will check for any
missing values, outliers or inconsistencies and clean the dataset ensuring data
integrity.
• Data will be coded then transported to an efficient statistical tool for accurate
analysis.
• The results obtained will be presented in various forms including tables, graphs,
charts and measures of central tendency.
 Ethical Consideration
• Are a set of principles that guide the research designs and practices.
• This study will consider ethical issues into account.
• These will include : Obtaining an informed consent, information confidentiality,
voluntary participation, anonymity, right to withdraw, physical or psychological
harm and deception and debriefing.
• We will seek permission from the Dean of Students regarding approval of the
study.
• The informed consent will be appropriately documented.
• I will give the participants a document explaining to them what will be needed of
them and the potential risks.
• The participants are not forced to participate in research if the study brings harm
to them
 Expected Findings and Relevance to
Knowledge

• Through our research, we expect to identify a biomarker that correlates strongly

with both cardiovascular disease progression and loss of renal function. The
biomarker could revolutionize early detection and monitoring strategies leading
to improved patient outcomes.
• Our study aims to elucidate the mechanisms through which chronic kidney
disease accelerates cardiovascular disease progression. We expect to identify
specific pathways linking renal dysfunction to increased cardiovascular diseases
providing insights crucial for developing targeted therapies to mitigate these
complications.
 Conclusion
• This chapter has provided valuable information that will be used to enable the
study objectives be met. In this chapter, we have outlined the research designs,
data collection methods, sampling strategies and data analysis's techniques
employs in this study. Data collection methods included use of questionnaires
and interviewing. Sampling was purposive, targeting a cohort of individuals across
different hospitals in the region. Ethical considerations including informed
consent and confidentiality are addressed throughout the research process. Data
analysis involves statistical techniques for data survey
• Limitations include potential biases and constraints in generalizing findings
beyond study context.
• In summary, this chapter has provided a detailed overview of methodological
choices made to investigate the research questions. The findings from this study
are expected to inform healthcare practitioners and policy makers on the
strategies for managing cardiovascular disorders among renal failure patients.
 Appreciation
• We thank Almighty God for everything for everything, for the grace he gave us.
We also convey our sincere gratitude to all those who participated in enabling us
accomplish our research proposal.
We would also take this opportunity to express our sincere and special gratitude to
our mentor and supervisor, Dr Okenwa for the valuable knowledge that made this
work a success.
We also are grateful to our classmates for their editing help, late night feedback
sessions and moral support.
Lastly we would thank our parents for their belief in us keeping us motivated
throughout the research work.