Behavior Based Safety

M Sil ( Safety Department )

 ZERO ACCIDENT IS POSSIBLE

LEARN COMMIT BELIEVE

PRACTICE BEHAVIOUR BASED SAFETY

FOUNDATION CONCEPTS…

It is better to slay a dragon than to teach people ways to live peacefully

with him!!!

What’s the difference between traditional & behavioral- based

safety programs???
THE CONCEPTS OF BBS CAN BE APPLIED
ANYWHERE!!!
 While Driving

 At Home

 At Work
TRADITIONAL……..
 Typically top-down approach
 Focus on regulations & procedures

 Treats symptoms

 External enforcement

 DO AS I SAY…JUST DO IT… BUT WHEN BACK

IS TURNED…THEY WILL DO WHAT THEY
WANT TO DO
BEHAVIORAL BASED…..

 Is a bottom-up approach
 Focus on employee behaviors

 Addresses root causes

 Internal enforcement
BEHAVIOR-BASED SAFETY
Behavior-Based Safety is a process that helps employees
identify and choose a safe behavior over an unsafe one.
 DuPont Research found that . . .

1 Avoid
Fatal

30 LTAs

300 Non LTAs

3,000 Near Miss / First Aid

30,000 Hazards
(Unsafe Acts & Conditions)
Eliminate
WHY BEHAVIOR-BASED SAFETY?

 Focuses on at-risk behaviors that can lead to injury

 Focuses on safe behaviors that can contribute to injury
prevention
 BBS is an injury
prevention process

1b
BEHAVIOR

 Human behavior causes most accidents

 – Comfort

 – Saving Time

 – Convenience

 – Lack of understanding and training

 – Complacency

 – Wrong Safety focus

 – Celebrating production over safety

BEHAVIOR
 Observable Action
 Safe Behavior
 At-risk Behavior

 Measurable
 Causes most accidents

 Consequences motivate change

Types of at-risk behavior:

•Conscious behavior
•Habitual behavior
•Unintentional behavior

BBS is about unintentional behavior and

habitual behavior.
To be more specific, it's about how to prevent
mistakes or errors you never wanted to make
in the first place.
BASIC BEHAVIOR PRINCIPLES
Safety in the workplace is a combination of three
measurable components: the person, their environment,
and their behavior.
Only when these three elements are combined can
workplace accidents be eliminated.
THE SAFETY TRIAD

4a
BASIC BEHAVIOR PRINCIPLES
The person component consist of the employees:
 Physical capabilities

 Experience, and

 Training
BASIC BEHAVIOR PRINCIPLES
The work environment represents:
 Engineering Controls,

 Equipment,

 Job task, and

 The work culture

BASIC BEHAVIOR PRINCIPLES
 The final, most often overlooked component is behavior
—what the person does on the job.
THE BEHAVIOR-BASED SAFETY
PROCESS
Behavior-based safety is based on four key components:
 A behavioral observation and feedback process;
 A formal review of observation data;
 Improvement goals, and
 Reinforcement for improvement and goal attainment.
Definitions:

Behavior: Any directly measurable thing

that a person does, including speaking,
acting, and performing physical functions.
Some examples of behavior:
 Human Behavior is a function of :

 Activators (what needs to be done)

 Competencies (how it needs to be done)
 Consequences (what happens if it is done)
Human behavior is both:

 Observable

 Measurable

therefore

Behavior can be managed !

 ATTITUDES

ARE INSIDE A PERSON’S HEAD -THEREFORE

THEY ARE NOT OBSERVABLE OR MEASURABLE

however
Attitudes can be changed by changing behaviors
 BBS
Reality is… the majority of the time
our own Bad Habits and/or our Lack
Of Thinking Things Through

Cause us to get hurt!!!

E
What is Antecedent ?

Anything that occurs before or during the

behavior can be an antecedent for that behavior

B: Working at heights with safety belts

A: Painful Memory of past accident

It is Antecedents that cause a certain types of

behavior to happen
What is Consequence ?
Anything that occurs after a behavior.
Consequences increase or decrease the
probability that the behaviors will occur again in
the future.

B: Working at heights with safety belts

A: Painful Memory of past accident
C: No more accidents
 The ABC of BBS Program

A: Antecedents – cause of certain behavior

B: Behavior – what you see a person do

C: Consequence – outcome of a behavior

What is BBS Program?

Understand & Influence Antecedents

Make people behave safely, work safely

Minimize / eliminate workplace injuries

This is Zero Injury Culture too . . .

BEHAVIORAL MODEL

Antecedents B = f (c)

Behaviors

Consequences
ONLY 4 TYPES OF CONSEQUENCES:
Positive Reinforcement (R+)
("Do this & you'll be rewarded")

Negative Reinforcement (R-)

("Do this or else you'll be penalized")
Behavior
Punishment (P)
("If you do this, you'll be penalized")

Extinction (E)
("Ignore it and it'll go away")
BOTH POSITIVE (R+) & NEGATIVE (R-)
REINFORCEMENT CAN INCREASE
BEHAVIOR

R+ : any consequence that follows a behavior and increases the probability

that the behavior will occur more often in the future - You get something you
want

R- : a consequence that strengthens any behavior that reduces or

terminates the behavior - You escape or avoid something you don’t want
 Good safety

R+ suggestion Joe! Keep

bringing ‘em up!

One more report like

this and you’re outa
here!!

R-
 R+
P
e
r
f
o The effects of positive
r reinforcement
m
a
n
c
Time
e
P P
e
r The effects of
f punishment
o
r
m
a
n
c
e Time
BBS
 Rushing

 Frustration

 Fatigue

 Complacency

Unit 1 
CAN CAUSE OR CONTRIBUTE TO
THESE “4 CRITICAL ERRORS”

Eyes not on Task

Mind not on Task

Line - of - Fire

Balance/Traction/Grip

Unit 1 
INCREASING THE RISK OF INJURY!!
Eyes not on Task
Rushing
Mind not on Task
Frustration
Line - of - Fire
Fatigue
+ Balance/Traction/Grip
Complacency
OBSERVATION
 Reactive Behavior
 Personal Protective Equipment

 Specific Job Risks

 Tools and Equipment

 Safe Work Practices

 Ergonomics
REACTIVE BEHAVIOR
 Adjusting PPE
 Changing position / Turning away

 Stopping work / Attaching safe guards

 Rearranging job
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
 Head gear
 Eye protection and face shielding

 Hearing protection

 Respiratory protection

 Arm and hand covering

 Foot and leg protection

SPECIFIC JOB RISKS
 Strike against or caught
 Line of fire

 Fall, slip hazard

 Contact hot, chemical or electric

 Inhale or swallow hazardous substance

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
 Wrong for the job
 Used incorrectly

 In need of repair or maintenance

 Clutter & poor housekeeping

SAFE WORK PRACTICES
 Not defined
 Not known or understood

 Ignored or done poorly

 Not compatible with task

ERGONOMICS
 Forceful exertions
 Awkward postures

 High repetition

 Long duration w/o rest

COACHING AND FEEDBACK
FOR THE SKILLED OBSERVER
FORMAL REVIEW OF OBSERVATION
DATA
The data is then analyzed to determine the employee’s (or
department’s) improvement in safe behaviors. It can be
looked at as an overall percentage.
Example: If there were 20 items on the checklist and the
worker performed 17 of them safely, then he would get a
score of 85% safe.
FORMAL REVIEW OF OBSERVATION
DATA
The improvement between observations could be graphed
and displayed for employees to view. When the graphs
shows improvement, it provides positive reinforcing
feedback to employees.
OBSERVATION AND FEEDBACK
 Observation and feedback goals:
 Create a situation where employees will consciously practice
safe behaviors.
 Reinforce safe behaviors.
 Correct worker when at-risk behaviors are observed.
 Through feedback look for the cause of at-risk behaviors;
consciousness, facility/equipment, disagreement, personal
choice, etc.
OBSERVATION AND FEEDBACK CONT.
 Follow standard procedures for all observations.
 Observations should be brief but thorough.

 Focus on actions, showing respect and genuine concern

for worker being observed.
 Keep information confidential, not a disciplinary tool.
OBSERVATION PROCEDURES
 Familiarize yourself with the work area and project
observing.
 Ask permission to observe.
 Observe task, looking at safe work practices listed on the
observation cards.
 Immediately correct any imminent danger situations.

Stop the job and discuss the concerns.

OBSERVATION PROCEDURES CONT.
 At the completion of the observation give feedback.
 Positivelyreinforce safe practices.
 Give corrective feedback.
 Record barriers found that may produce at-risk
behaviors.
 For self observations; Plan ahead and record
observations immediately after task.
FEEDBACK
 After observation stop the job for a short discussion.
 Give positive feedback for safe work practices.
 Give corrective feedback:
 Why at-risk practice was used?
 Ask if another method, using safe practices, could be used.
 Offer ideas.
 Review comments recorded on observation cards with
employee.
FEEDBACK CONT.
 Thank employee for allowing the observation.
 Assure the observed employee that the process is
confidential and is not used for disciplinary actions.
FEEDBACK / RESISTANCE
 Remember participation is voluntary.
 Listen to disagreements.

 Respect their position and find points you can agree on.

 You may not have all the answers! Don’t act like you
do.
IMPROVEMENT GOALS
Setting improvement goals increases the effectiveness of
feedback and the success of the behavior-based safety
process.
IMPROVEMENT GOALS
These goals can take different forms, such as:
1. Percent safe goals
2. Process goals
3. Implementation goals
REINFORCEMENT FOR IMPROVEMENT AND GOAL
ATTAINMENT

Management must provide immediate, positive feedback to

reinforce safe behavior. Rewards can be an effective means
of reinforcing goal attainment.
RESULTS
 Increased efficiency
 Increased productivity

 Increased morale

 Increase profitability
The Behavior Based Safety Challenge:

To create conditions that encourage

people to collaborate because they want
Let’s do
to it!!

not because they have to

 INVENTORY OF CRITICAL BEHAVIOUR

Observer Name: Observer Emp.No:

Date & Time of
No. of people observed: Location:
Observation:
S.No Category BEHAVIOUR ELEMENTS Safe At-risk Comments for Item #

1Body position 1.1 Line of Fire While (Job):

1.2 Pinch points / Nip points
1.3 Eyes on Path Was (At-risk behavior):
1.4 Eyes on Tasks / Hand
1.5 Ascending / Descending Because (Barriers):

2Body Use 2.1 Lifting and Lowering / Pulling and Follow - up Action:
Pushing
2.2 Overextended / Cramped Comments for Item #

3Tools & Equipment 3.1 Selection / Condition / Use/ Storage While (Job):

3.2 Vehicle select/ Conditions / Use (e.g. Was (At-risk behavior):

Forklift, Tractor, etc)
3.3 Barricades/Warning Because (Barriers):
4Procedures 4.1 Permit / Authorisation Follow - up Action:
4.2 Communication of Hazards Comments for Item #

4.3 Pre-Post Job Inspection While (Job):

5PPE 5.1 Head Was (At-risk behavior):
Because (Barriers):
5.2 Eyes & Face
Follow - up Action:
5.3 Hand/Arm
5.4 Respiratory Comments for Item #
5.5 Hearing While (Job):
5.6 Fall Was (At-risk behavior):
5.7 Body Because (Barriers):
5.8 Foot Follow - up Action:
6Environment 6.1 Walking / Working Surfaces Comments for Item #
6.2 Housekeeping While (Job):
7Mental condition 7.1 Mental stress Was (At-risk behavior):
7.2 Visual focussing to fatigue condition Because (Barriers):
Follow - up Action:
Total Score
ARE YOU READY FOR BEHAVIOR-BASED
SAFETY?