PHARMACOLOGY IN

COSMETIC TECHNOLOGY
Jagruti .N. Marathe
TITLE LOREM IPSUM DOLOR

PHARMACOLOGY TOXICOLOGY SCOPE OF

PHARMACOLOGY IN
COSMETOLOGY
PHARMACOLOGY
•Pharmacology is the science of drugs (Greek pharmakos, medicine or
drug; and logos, study
•Originating in the 19th century,
•The discipline makes drug development possible
•Pharmacology is one of the cornerstones of the drug discovery process
•Pharmacology studies the effects of drugs and how they exert their effects
•Pharmacology is the science of drugs (Greek: Pharmacon--d.rug; logos-
discourse in) .

•In a broad sense, it deals with interaction of exogenously administered

chemical molecules (drugs) with living systems.

•It encompasses all aspects of knowledge about drugs, but most importantly
those that are relevant to effective and safe use for medicinal purposes
•The two main divisions of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics and
pharmacokinetics.
•Pharmacodynamics (Greek: dynamis-power) What the drug does to the body.
•This includes physiological and biochemical effects of drugs and their mechanism
of action at organ system/ subcellular I macromolecular levels,
• e.g.- Adrenalin…… interaction with adrenoceptors……. G-protein mediated
stimulation of cell membrane bound adenylyl cyclase…………. Increased
intracellular cyclic 3',5' AMP……… cardiac stimulation, hepatic glycogenolysis
and hyperglycaemia, etc
•Pharmacokinetics (Greek: Kinesis-movement) - What the body does to the
drug. (ADME Studies)

•This refers to movement of the drug in and alteration of the drug by the body;
includes absorption, distribution, binding/localization/ storage,
biotransformation and excretion of the drug

•Eg : Paracetarnol is rapidly and almost completely absorbed orally attaining

peak blood levels at 30-60 min; 25% bound to plasma proteins, widely and
almost uniformly distributed in the body (volume of distribution - lL/kg);
extensively
•Thus, Amoxicillin cures a strep throat, and
•Cimetidine promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers. Pharmacology asks
“How”?

•The main tasks of pharmacologists are

• Screening for desired activity,

• Determining mode of action, and

• Quantifying drug activity

TOXICOLOGY
•Definitions

•Toxicological studies

•Dose-response correlations

•Threshold limit values

•Examples
HAZARDOUS
Denotes the probability of injury or illness from contact or use
Industrial Hazards
 Toxicity
 Explosivity
 Ignitability
 Reactivity
TOXICOLOGY

Toxicology is the scientific study of adverse effects that occur in living

organisms due to chemicals. ...

The substances that are assessed by toxicologists includes environmental

agents and chemical compounds found in nature, as well as pharmaceutical
compounds that are synthesized for medical use by humans.
TOXIC SUBSTANCE
Capacity of a substance to produce injury or illness
Acute Effects
 Short term, appear shortly after exposure. Can be from single exposure
Chronic Effects
 There is a latency, long period of time before you see effect
 THREE TYPES OF TOXIC HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS (SOURES OF TOXICITY)

Chemical Agents (Poisons)

Physical Agents (Dusts, fibers, heat, noise, corrosive)

Biological Agents (Pathogens)

1. Animals : Venom, fungi, bacteria, shellfish toxin, fish etc.

2. Vegetables : Aconite, strychnine, Insulin (Sugar)etc.

3. Chemicals : Drugs, Ethanol, Chloroform, Lead, Argon etc.

DEFINITIONS
Toxicology is the quantitative and qualitative study of the adverse
effects of toxicants on biological organisms

Toxicant is a chemical or physical agent that produces adverse effects

on biological organisms.
SO TOXICOLOGY IS THE
STUDY OF:
•How toxicants enter the organism
•How toxicants effect the organism

•How toxicants are eliminated from (leave) the organism

All substances are toxic if taken in the wrong quantities

HOW TOXICANTS ENTER
ORGANISM
Inhalation (mouth or nose to lungs) then into blood(+*)

Ingestion (mouth to stomach) then into blood(+)

Injection (cuts, punctures in skin) into blood

Dermal absorption (through skin) into blood(+*)

+ Involve membrane transport
* Greatest threats in industry
EFFECTS OF TOXICANTS
Irreversible Effects
Carcinogen - causes cancer
Mutagen - causes chromosome damage
Reproductive hazard - damage to reproductive system
Teratogen - causes birth defects
EFFECTS OF TOXICANTS
May or may not be reversible
Dermatotoxic – affects skin
Hemotoxic – affects blood
Hepatotoxic – affects liver
Nephrotoxic – affects kidneys
Neurotoxic – affects nervous system
Pulmonotoxic – affects lungs
DEFINITIONS
Pharmacology :The branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and
modes of action of drugs
Pharmacokinetics – the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
(ADME) of chemicals through the (human) system.
Pharmacodynamics :is the study of how a drug affects an organism,
Bioaccumulation – things such as lead, mercury, PCBs, carbon tetrachloride
that build up in organs and have low excretion rate.
ELIMINATION OF TOXINS

Detoxification is the biotransformation of chemicals into something less

harmful
Excretion through kidneys, liver and lungs
 TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES
•LD50 = Lethal dose 50 (Dose of drug at which 50 % Population shows
mortality)
•ED 50 = Effctive dose 50 (Dose of drug at which 50 % Population shows
pharmacological effect)
•To determine the therapeutic index, i.e. ratio between the lethal dose and the
pharmacologically effective dose in the same strain and species (LD50/ED50).
•The greater the index, safer is the compound.
•The LD50 dose thus found was administered to guinea pigs, rabbits, cats or
dogs on weight basis (on basis of relative surface area gives better results).
•To determine the absolute dose for a species
PHARMACOLOGICAL
TESTING

A. Preclinical studies ….Animal studies

B. Clinical studies ……Human studies
APPLICATION OF LD50
It provides a measure of relative toxicities of chemical under similar or
identical conditions.

Thus the major application of the LD50 is comparative, allowing for semi
quantitative toxic evaluation of compounds

This test provides a screening method for toxic evaluation, particularly useful
for new unclassified substances.
SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY
IN COSMETIC
Cosmetic pharmacology refers to the use of drugs to improve cognition in
normal healthy individuals, for the purpose of enhancement rather than
treatment of a formal pathology.
Some case reports with the antidepressant Prozac indicated that patients
seemed "better than well," and authors hypothesized that this effect might
be observed in individuals not afflicted with psychiatric disorders.
SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY
IN COSMETIC
Following these case reports much controversy arose over the veracity and
ethics of the cosmetic use of these antidepressants.
Opponents of cosmetic pharmacology state that such drug use is unethical
and dangerous, and that the concept of cosmetic pharmacology is a
manifestation of naive consumerism resulting from pharmaceutical
marketing campaigns.
Proponents state that drugs used to treat many pathologies are just as
dangerous, it is an individual's (rather than government's, or physician's)
decision whether to use a drug for cosmetic purposes, and there are few if
any legitimate ethical qualms with cosmetic pharmacology.
SAFETY ISSUE IN COSMETIC
• Cosmetic items are every now and again connected to the skin by an
extensive number of individuals, yet some contain exacerbates that are
possibly harmful, if absorption through the skin is adequate.
• Makeup, cleanser, skin salve, nail polish, and other individual
consideration items contain synthetic fixings that need wellbeing
information.
• Moreover, a portion of these synthetic compounds have been connected
in creature concentrates to male genital birth abandons, diminished
sperm tallies, and changed pregnancy results.
SAFETY ISSUE IN COSMETIC
• There is no authoritative proof for similar impacts in people; however
across the board presentation, essentially to phthalates, has been
appeared to happen.
• Phthalates, as key parts in plastics, show up in numerous buyer items.
The primary phthalates in cosmetics and individual consideration items
are dibutyl phthalate in nail polish,diethyl phthalate in scents and
moisturizers, and dimethyl phthalate in hair spray.
• phthalates have been related with various genuine medical issues,
including barrenness, testicular dysgenesis, corpulence, asthma, and
sensitivities, just as leiomyomas and bosom malignant growth.
SAFETY ISSUE IN COSMETIC
• Early investigations reported 31% of diseases in the upper external
quadrant, yet later examinations during the 1990s report up to 61%.
• On the premise that antiperspirant formulations are intended to square
underarm perspiration conduits and bosom blisters emerge from blocked
bosom channels in the nearby district of the body.
• The percutaneous absorption of N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA), a
debasement in numerous cosmetic items, has been assessed in dispersion
cells utilizing extracted human skin.
SAFETY ISSUE IN COSMETIC
• The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) program was set up in 1976 by
the Cosmetics, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association, with the support of
the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Consumer Federation
of America (CFA).
• CIR performs free, master surveys to decide whether fixings utilized in
cosmetics are protected.
• CIR staff gets ready rundowns of accessible information and the CIR
Expert Panel surveys the information in open, open gatherings.