Organismal Biology

(Reproduction & Development)

Final term-Week 1
 RECAP ON PHYLOGENY
01 The Principle of
Parsimony means the best TRUE
hypothesis is the one that
requires the fewest FALSE
evolutionary changes.
 RECAP ON PHYLOGENY
01 The Principle of
Parsimony means the best TRUE
hypothesis is the one that
requires the fewest FALSE
evolutionary changes.
 RECAP ON PHYLOGENY
02 Polypheletic clade
consists of the TRUE
ancestor species and FALSE
all its descendants.
 RECAP ON PHYLOGENY
02 Polypheletic clade
consists of the TRUE
ancestor species and FALSE
all its descendants.
 RECAP ON PHYLOGENY
03 The derived character
state is the form of TRUE
character that was FALSE
present in the
common ancestor of
the group
 RECAP ON PHYLOGENY
03 The derived character
state is the form of TRUE
character that was FALSE
present in the
common ancestor of
the group
 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, the students shall be able to:
• define what is plant and animal reproduction and
development;
• differentiate sexual and asexual reproduction;
• Identify the different types of animal development, the
types of sexual and asexual reproduction; and
• Compare and contrast plant and animal reproduction by
creating a Venn-Diagram.
 REPRODUCTION
-is the biological process by which “offspring” are produced from their “parent” or parents.

ASEXUAL SEXUAL
 Asexual Reproduction
• does not involve gametes, instead
parts of a mature organism may
develop to new individuals

• offspring is genetically identical to

the parent
 Asexual Reproduction

Binary Fission
• Separation of the body into
two new bodies
• Common in single-celled
organisms
 Asexual Reproduction
Budding
• A new organism develops as
an outgrowth from the
parent body known as a bud.
Hydra
• Once grown, the new
organism detaches from the
parent body.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae
 Asexual Reproduction
Fragmentation
Planaria
• The parent body breaks
into several pieces where
each piece grows into a new
individual.
 Asexual Reproduction

Vegetative
Reproduction
• A plant part such as stems,
leaves, roots or turions are
used to reproduce new plants
 Sexual Reproduction

• use of sex cells (gametes)

• Involves the fusion of male and
female gametes to form a zygote
• Genetic variability
 Sexual Reproduction
Animal Reproduction

Male Reproductive System

• Testes- male reproductive

organs
• Seminiferous tubules- produce
sperm (spermatogenesis)
• Regulated by hormones (GnRH,
FSH, LH)
 Sexual Reproduction
Animal Reproduction
Female Reproductive System
• Ovaries
o Oogenesis- development of
ovarian follicles
o Secretion of estrogen and
progesterone
• Fallopian tubes (oviducts)-
area where fertilization occurs
• Uterus (womb)
-endometrium
-myometrium
ANIMAL Development
ANIMAL Development
ANIMAL Development
 Hormonal Regulation of Animal
Reproduction

• Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-

stimulates the release of 2 hormones:

1. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

2. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Hormonal Regulation of Animal Reproduction
Hormonal Regulation of Animal Reproduction
Plant Reproduction
Plant Reproduction
Plant Reproduction
Plant Development
Angiosperm Life Cycle
Angiosperm Life Cycle
Pollination and Fertilization
 Embryo Development

• Ovules becomes the

seed.

• Ovary matures into

the fruit.
 Seed Germination and Growth
• Germination is the resumption of
growth and development after a
period of seed dormancy.
Seed Germination and Growth
Hormonal Regulation of Plant Growth and Development
KNOWLEDGE CHECK!
 KNOWLEDGE CHECK
01 Asexual reproduction is best
describe as:

A. POLLINATION
B. REPRODUCTION W/ NO PARENT

C. REPRODUCTION W/ SINGLE PARENT

D. REPRODUCTION W/ TWO OR MORE PARENT

 KNOWLEDGE CHECK
01 Asexual reproduction is best
describe as:

A. POLLINATION
B. REPRODUCTION W/ NO PARENT

C. REPRODUCTION W/ SINGLE PARENT

D. REPRODUCTION W/ TWO OR MORE PARENT

 KNOWLEDGE CHECK
02 Bacteria reproduce asexually by a process
called:

A. BUDDING
B. BINARY FISSION

C. FRAGMENTATION

D. PARTHENOGENESIS
 KNOWLEDGE CHECK
02 Bacteria reproduce asexually by a process
called:

A. BUDDING
B. BINARY FISSION

C. FRAGMENTATION

D. PARTHENOGENESIS
 KNOWLEDGE CHECK
03 Which of the following is NOT part of
the pistil?

A. ANTHER
B. STIGMA

C. OVULE

D. STYLE
 KNOWLEDGE CHECK
03 Which of the following is NOT part of
the pistil?

A. ANTHER
B. STIGMA

C. OVULE

D. STYLE