ANATOMY

PRIMUM NON NOCERE!

(do no harm first

Medical doctors lacking knowledge of anatomy are like

moles. They create many graves with their hands working
 ANATOMY

 Anatomy is the oldest basic

medical science. It was
officially studied for the first
time in Egypt in the 1600s BC.
 The father of anatomy is the
Greek Herophilus (335-280
BC). He made dissections on
the human body for the first
time.
 ANATOMY

 Anatomy; B.C. It was studied in Greece by

Hippocrates, considered the father of
medicine, between 460 and 370/377 BC.
Hippocrates founded his medical school on
the island of Kos (Kos), where he was
born.
 ANATOMY
 Claudius Galenus of Pergamum; Galen (AD=130-
200 AD, Greek doctor) did anatomical studies on
animals.
 He also produced antidotes against herbal
medicines and poisons, and therefore he was
accepted as the father of pharmacy (the father of
pharmacy in the Islamic world is El
Biruni/Beyruni).
 ANATOMY

 Leonardo da Vinci illustrated his

anatomical studies.
 ANATOMY
 Another Greek doctor and scientist,
Aristotle (Aristotle), studied
comparative anatomy and
developmental anatomy
(embryology).

 He used the term anatomy for the

first time, which means "cutting out,
slicing".The term is synonymous
with the Latin word "dissecare
(dissection)".
 ANATOMY
 In the 16th century, Belgian anatomist
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) dissected a
large number of cadavers, studied the
human body, and wrote a book called "De
humani corporis fabrica (structure/factory
of the human body)" at the age of 29 (in
1543).
 ANATOMY

 Due to his important work in

Anatomy, Vesalius is
considered the father of
modern anatomy. (Father of
anatomy is Greek
Herophilus).
 ANATOMY

 In the Turks, Medical Doctor Şanizade

Ataullah Mehmed Efendi wrote the
first medical and anatomy book,
which he called Mirat-ül Ebdan fi
Teşrih-i Azaü-l Insan - shortly Teşrih
(Anatomy) - in 1816.
 ANATOMİ

 The founder of modern Anatomy in

Turkey is Hasan Mazhar Pasha (1845-
1920).
 Ord.Prof.Dr. Nurettin Ali Berkol
APPLIED THE FIRST EMBASSY
METHOD

 Ord.Prof.Dr. Zeki Zeren has made

great contributions to the
development of Anatomy in our
country. TURKISH TRANSLATION OF
ANATOMY TERMS
Our country's first female ANATOMIST
Prof. Dr. It is Bedia SANCAK.
 ANATOMİ

Vücudun normal şekil ve yapısı ile vücudu

oluşturan organların şekil ve yapılarını,
aralarındaki komşuluğu ve fonksiyonel
ilişkiyi inceleyen bilim dalıdır.

Anatomia (Ana-temnein): “Ana” (up) ve

“Tome / Temnein” (cutting) denilen iki
Grekçe sözcüğün birleşmesinden oluşur.
Doğramak, kesmek anlamına gelir. Latince
“dissecare (dissection; diseksiyon)” kelimesi
ile eş anlamdadır.
 ANATOMİ ÖĞRETİM YÖNTEMLERİ
The main material in anatomy education is
CADAVER.
cadaver; dead body / Lat.; cadere = to fall (perish,
disappearing)

Mortui vivos docent: The dead educate the

living.
 ANATOMIC POSITION

Every living thing has a standing position on earth.

 ANATOMIC POSITION
 The person stands in a standing and upright position, with the
upper extremities at the sides and facing forward, with the feet
together. The palms, face and eyes are facing forward.
 ANATOMICAL PLANES

All anatomical descriptions are made in

relation to the three imaginary planes
passing through the body of a person in
anatomical position.
•sagittal plane
• frontal plane (coronale)
• horizontal plane (axiale)
 ANATOMICAL PLANES

(Lat.; sagitta; arrow)

PLANA SAGITTALIA
 They are planes that pass through the
body in the anteroposterior direction
(in the direction of the arrow).
 They divide the body into right and left
sections.
 The plane that passes through the
middle of the body and divides the
body into right and left two equal
halves is called the median plane (or
midsagittal plane).
 ANATOMICAL PLANES
FRONTAL PLANE (CORONALIA)
 They are planes perpendicular to the
sagittal planes.
 They divide the body into anterior and
posterior segments.
 They are called by this name because
they are parallel to the frontal bone
(or sutura coronal suture).

The radiological sections passing

through this plane are called
FRONTAL SECTION or
CORONAL SECTION.
 ANATOMICAL PLANES
HORIZONTAL PLANE
 These planes, perpendicular
to the previous planes, divide
the body into upper and lower
sections.

The rayological sections passing

through this plane are called
TRANSVERSE SECTION or AXIAL
SECTION.
 FREQUENTLY USED TERMS

ANTERIOR; front of the body

Palmar is used for the anterior surface of the hand and plantar is
used for the lower surface of the foot.
POSTERIOR; on the back of the body.
The word dorsal is also used instead of posterior. It is especially used
when describing the back of the hand and the back of the foot.
 FREQUENTLY USED TERMS

SUPERIOR; close to the head

The term cranial means pertaining to the head and corresponds
to superior.
INFERIOR; close to the feet
The term caudal means pertaining to the tail and corresponds to
inferior.
Cranial and caudal are commonly used in embryological charts.
 FREQUENTLY USED TERMS

MEDIAL ; close to the median plane (midline)

eg. the nostrils (nares) are medial to the eyes.
LATERAL; away from the median plane (midline)
eg. The 5th toe of the foot is lateral to the big toe. The 5th finger of
the hand is medial to the thumb.
MEDIANUS or Middle ; on the median plane
INTERMEDIUS; midway between two medial and lateral structures.
eg. The ring finger is between the little finger and middle finger
(intermedius).
 COMBINED TERMS

 They are often used to point in a direction.

 Such as inferolateral, posterolateral, anteromedial…

 KARŞILAŞTIRMA TERİMLERİ

PROXIMAL; close to the body.e

g. the arm is proximal to the upper extremity.

DISTAL; far from the body.

The foot is distal to the lower extremity.

SUPERFICIAL; near the surface.

PROFUNDA; far from the surface (deep).

 COMPARATIVE TERMS

INTERNUS; inside an organ or cavity.

EXTERNUS; outside of an organ or cavity.

IPSILATERAL; on the same side of the body.

eg. right hand and right foot are ipsilateral.

CONTRALATERAL; on the opposite side of the body.

eg. The left hand is contralateral to the right side of the
body.
MOVEMENT TERMS
 MOVEMENT TERMS

FLEXIO; body parts made in the sagittal planeIt is the

movement that reduces the angle between them.

EXTENSIO; body parts made in the sagittal planeIt is the

movement that increases the angle between them.

Bending the plantar aspect of the foot, plantar

flexion(=flexion), bending of the dorsal face also
dorsalflexion (extension).
MOVEMENT TERMS
 MOVEMENT TERMS

More than normal flexion; HYPERFLECTION,

more than normal extension; HYPEREXTENSION
 MOVEMENT TERMS

LATERAL FLEXIO; in the coronal planeside

bending of the head and bodyis the
movement.

CIRCUMDUCTIO; It is a circular movement

with a combination of flexion –
abduction – extension and adduction
movements performed in sequence.
 MOVEMENT TERMS

ABDUCTIO; movement away from the

median plane in the coronal plane.
Abduction of the fingers; It is the
separation of the other fingers from
each other according to the third
finger on the hand and the second
finger on the standing.

ADDUCTIO; is the opposite of

abduction.It is the movement towards
the median plane made in the coronal
plane. It is bringing the fingers of the
hand and foot together.
 MOVEMENT TERMS

ABDÜKSİYON - ADDÜKSİYON
 MOVEMENT TERMS

PROTRACTION; a pulling motion of the

lower jaw (mandible) or shoulder.

RETRACTIO; a pulling motion of the lower

jaw (mandible) or shoulder.
 MOVEMENT TERMS

ELEVATION; is the upward movement

(lift) of the lower jaw or shoulder.

DEPRESSIO; a downward movement

(lowering) of the lower jaw or
shoulder.
 HAREKET TERİMLERİ

KOLUN ROTASYONU
ROTATION ; long part of the bodyaround
the axis (or vertical axis)is the
rotational motion.

ROTATION MEDIALIS (internal rotation);

inwardrotation towards (median
plane)movement.

ROTATION LATERALIS (external

rotation);outward (from the median
planeretraction) rotational movement.
 MOVEMENT TERMS
UYLUK ROTASYONU
DIŞ ROTASYON İÇ ROTASYON

GÖVDE ROTASYONU
 MOVEMENT TERMS

ÖN KOLA ÖZGÜDÜR

PRONATIO; internal rotation of the forearm SUPINATIO

(and hand). The palmar side of the hand
faces back.

SUPINATIO; external rotation of the PRONATIO

forearm (and hand). The palmar side of
the hand faces forward.
SUPINATIO

PRONATIO
 MOVEMENTS OF THE FOOT

 EVERTIO; ayak tabanının median

düzlemden uzaklaşma hareketi. Ayak
tabanı dışa bakar.

 INVERTIO; ayak tabanının median

düzleme doğru yaklaşma hareketi.
Ayak tabanı içe bakar.
 MOVEMENTS OF THE LIMB

ABDUKSİYON ADDUKSİYON SİRKUMDUKSİYON

AYAK İÇİN
EKSTENSİYON
(DORSİFLEKSİYON)

FLEKSİYON
EVERSİYON İNVERSİYON EKST. FLEK. (PLANTARFLEKSİYON)

EKSTENSİYON
FLEKSİYON
 MOVEMENTS OF THE FINGER
 FLEXION; başparmağın diğer parmakların eksenine dik
olacak şekilde, diğer parmakların palmar yüz üzerine
bükülme hareketidir (yumruk görünümü) (ayakta tüm
parmakların bükülmesi).

 EXTENSION; başparmağın, koronal düzlemde palmar yüzden

dışa doğru uzaklaşması, diğer parmakların gerilmesi (ayakta
tüm parmakların gerilmesi).

 ABDUCTION; başparmağın anteroposterior yönde palmar

yüzden uzaklaşması, diğer parmakların 3. parmağa göre
açılması (ayakta 2. parmağa göre açılması).

 ADDUCTION; başparmağın anteroposterior yönde palmar

yüze doğru (işaret parmağının yanına) getirilmesi, diğer
parmakların yan yana getirilmesi.
 MOVEMENTS OF THE FINGER

PARMAK EKSTENSİYONU
 THE MOVEMENTS OF THE THUMB

 OPPOSITIO; başparmak pulpasının

diğer parmak pulpalarına değdirildiği,
palmar yüze doğru yapılan harekettir.

OPPOZİSYON
 REPOSITIO; oppozisyon hareketinin
tam tersidir.
 SEIZE THE DAY

“Carpe diem quam minimum credula postero”

“Live the day, you don't know what will happen
tomorrow”
 POSITIONS

SUPINE; supine lying position.

PRONE; prone lying position.
LİTHOTOMY; gynecological examination
position
(lithotomy, Gr.; taş kesmek).
LATERAL DECUBITUS

Rekumbent (Lat.; recumbĕre) OR

Dekubitus; (Lat.; decumbere); to lie
down.

Lateral rekumbent/dekubitus; lie on side

 TRENDELENBURG POSITION

Head down position.

Supine position with head down and feet
up.

It is applied in shock and blood pressure

drops.
 FOWLER and SEMI FOWLER POSITION

It is the position in which the head and neck, waist and below-
knee cavities are supported by a thin pillow, which is used to
relieve breathing and the work of the heart. In this position, it
is easy for the patient to eat, watch television, read a book
and communicate with the environment.
 COMA POSITION
if there is a bone fracture or object stinging, with that side up
After checking for injury (fracture, object ingrown) tight clothing is
loosened. Whichever side the patient will be placed on, the person will
move to that side of the patient. Sample; If we want to lay the patient on
the right side, we move to the right side of the patient. Sırasıyla:
(1)It is grasped by the left shoulder and hip and turned to the right side
(towards ourselves) with a single movement.
(2)For support, the left thigh and leg are flexed so that the knee touches the
ground.
(3)To prevent it from rolling, his left forearm is flexed and his left hand is
placed under his chin.
(4)(4) Başı arkaya çekilir.
THIS POSITION???
THIS POSITION???
THIS POSITION???

:)
Acta est fabula: Game Over Dr. Hasan Ozan