Anatomy Of Female

Reproductive System
 Learning Objectives
 Define the terms listed.
 Identify the female external
reproductive organs.
 Explain the structure of the bony
pelvis.
 Explain the functions and structures
of pelvic floor.
Introduction
 External Female Structures

Collectively,the external
female reproductive
organs are called the
Vulva.
 External Female Structures
 Mons Pubis.
 Labia Majora
 Labia Minora.
 Clitoris.
 Vestibule.
 Perineum
 Mons Pubis
 Is rounded, soft fullness of
subcutaneous fatty tissue, prominence
over the symphysis pubis that forms the
anterior border of the external
reproductive organs.
 It is covered with varying amounts of
pubic hair.
Labia Majora & Minora
 The labia Majora are two rounded,
fleshy folds of tissue that extended from
the mons pubis to the perineum.

 It
is protect the labia minora, urinary
meatus and vaginal introitus.
 Labia Minora
 Itis located between the labia majora, are
narrow.
 The lateral and anterior aspects are
usually pigmented.
 The inner surfaces are similar to vaginal
mucosa, pink and moist.
 Their rich vascularity.
 Clitoris.
 The term clitoris comes from a
Greek word meaning key.
 Erectile organ.
 It’s rich vascular, highly sensitive to
temperature, touch, and pressure
sensation
 Vestibule.
 Is oval-shaped area formed between
the labia minora, clitoris, and
fourchette.
 Vestibule contains the external
urethral meatus, vaginal introitus,
and Bartholins glands.
 Perineum
 Is the most posterior part of the external
female reproductive organs.
 It extends from fourchette anteriorly to
the anus posteriorly.
 And is composed of fibrous and
muscular tissues that support pelvic
structures.
Internal Female Structures

Vagina
Uterus
Fallopian tubes
Ovaries
 Fallopian tubes
 The two tubes extended from the
corny of the uterus to the ovary.
 It runs in the upper free border of
the broad ligament.
 Length 8 to 14 cm average 10 cm
 Its divided into 4 parts.
 1. Interstitial part
 Which runs into uterine cavity,
passes through the myometrium
between the fundus and body of
the uterus.
 About 1-2cm in length.
 2. Isthmus
Which is the narrow part of
the tube adjacent to the uterus.
Straight and cord like , about
2 – 3 cm in length.
 3. Ampulla
Which is the wider part about
5 cm in length.

Fertilization occurs in the

ampulla.
 4. Infundibulum
 Itis funnel or trumpet shaped.
 Fimbriae are fingerlike processes, one of
these is longer than the other and
adherent to the ovary.
 The fimbriae become swollen almost
erectile at ovulation.
 Functions
 Gametetransport (ovum pickup,
ovum transport, sperm transport).

 Finalmaturation of gamete post

ovulate oocyte maturation, sperm
capicitation.
 Fluid
environment for early
embryonic development.

 Transport of fertilized and

unfertilized ovum to the uterus.
 Ovaries
 Oval solid structure, 1.5 cm in thickness,
2.5 cm in width and 3.5 cm in length
respectively.
 Each weights about 4–8 gm.
 Ovary is located on each side of the
uterus, below and behind the uterine tubes
 Structure of the ovaries

Cortex
Medulla
Hilum
 Ovaries and Relationship
to Uterine Tube and Uterus

Figure 28–14
 Function of the ovary

 Secrete estrogen & progesterone.

 Production of ova
 Uterus
 The
uterus is a hollow, pear shaped
muscular organ.

 The uterus measures about 7.5 X 5 X

2.5 cm and weight about 50 – 60 gm.
 Itsnormal position is anteverted
(rotated forward and slightly
antiflexed (flexed forward)

 The uterus divided into three parts

 1. Body of the uterus
 The upper part is the corpus, or body of
the uterus
 The fundus is the part of the body or
corpus above the area where the
fallopian tubes enter the uterus.
 Length about 5 cm.
 2. Isthmus
A narrower transition zone.
 Is between the corpus of the uterus and
cervix.
 During late pregnancy, the isthmus
elongates and is known as the lower
uterine segment.
 Cervix .3

 The lowermost position of the uterus

“neck”.
 The length of the cervix is about 2.5
t0 3 cm.
 The os, is the opening in the cervix that
runs between the uterus and vagina.
 The upper part of the cervix is marked by
internal os and the lower cervix is
marked by the external os.
 Layers of the uterus
 Perimetrium.
 Myometrium.
 Endometrium.
 1. Perimetrium

 Isthe outer peritoneal layer of

serous membrane that covers
most of the uterus.
 Laterally,the perimetrium is
continuous with the broad
ligaments on either side of the
uterus.
 2. Myometrium
 Isthe middle layer of thick muscle.
 Most of the muscle fibers are
concentrated in the upper uterus,
and their number diminishes
progressively toward the cervix.
 The myometrium
contains three types of
smooth muscle fiber
Longitudinal fibers (outer layer)

 Which are found mostly in the

fundus and are designed to expel
the fetus efficiently toward the
pelvic outlet during birth.
 Middle layer figure-8 fibers

These fiber contract after birth

to compress the blood vessels
that pass between them to
limit blood loss.
 Inner layer circular fibers
 Which form constrictions where the
fallopian tubes enter the uterus and
surround the internal os
 Circular fibers prevent reflux of
menstrual blood and tissue into the
fallopian tubes.
 Promote normal implantation of the
fertilized ovum by controlling its
entry into the uterus.
 And retain the fetus until the
appropriate time of birth.
 3. Endometrium
 Is the inner layer of the uterus.
 It is responsive to the cyclic
variations of estrogen and
progesterone during the female
reproductive cycle every month.
 The two or three layers of the endometrium
are:
*Compact layer
*The basal layer
*The functional or Sponge layer this
layer is shed during each menstrual period
and after child birth in the lochia
 The Function of the uterus

 Menstruation----the uterus sloughs

off the endometrium.

 Pregnancy ---the uterus support fetus

and allows the fetus to grow.
 Labor and birth---the uterine
muscles contract and the cervix
dilates during labor to expel the
fetus
 Vagina
 Itis an elastic fibro-muscular tube
and membranous tissue about 8 to 10
cm long.
 Lying between the bladder anteriorly
and the rectum posteriorly.
 Thevagina connects the uterus
above with the vestibule below.

 Theupper end is blind and called the

vaginal vault.
 The vaginal lining has multiple
folds, or rugae and muscle layer.
 These folds allow the vagina to
stretch considerably during
childbirth.
The reaction of the vagina is
acidic, the pH is 4.5 that
protects the vagina against
infection.
 Functions of the vagina
 To allow discharge of the menstrual
flow.
 As the female organs of coitus.
 To allow passage of the fetus from
the uterus.
 Support structures

The bony pelvis support and

protects the lower abdominal
and internal reproductive
organs.
 Muscle, Joints and ligaments
provide added support for
internal organs of the pelvis
against the downward force of
gravity and the increases in intra-
abdominal pressure
 Bony Pelvis
 BonyPelvis is Composed of 4
bones:
1. Two hip bones.
2. Sacrum.
3. Coccyx.
 1. Two hip bones.
 Each or hip bone is composed of
three bones:
*Ilium
*Ischium
*Pubis
 Ilium*
 It is the flared out part.
 The greater part of its inner aspect is
smooth and concave, forming the
iliac fossa.
 The upper border of the ilium is
called iliac crest
 Ischium*
 It is the thick lower part.
 It has a large prominence known
as the ischial tuberosity on which
the body rests while sitting.
Behind and little above the
tuberosity is an inward
projection the ischial spine.
 2. Sacrum
 Is a wedge shaped bone consisting of
five vertebrae.
 The anterior surface of the sacrum is
concave
 The upper border of the first sacral
vertebra known as the sacral
promontory
 .Coccyx .3

 Consists of four vertebrae

forming a small triangular
bone.
ANATOMY OF THE PELVIS
 OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lecture, students should be able 

:to
Describe the anatomy of the pelvic wall, bones, joints 
.& muscles
Describe the boundaries and subdivisions of the 
.pelvis
.Differentiate the different types of the female pelvis 
.Describe the pelvic floor 
Describe the components & function of the pelvic 
.diaphragm
List the arterial & nerve supply 
.List the lymph & venous drainage of the pelvis 
 :The bony pelvis is composed of four bones
Two hip bones, which form the anterior and lateral walls 

.Sacrum and coccyx, which form the posterior wall 

.These 4 bones are connected by 4 joints and lined by 4 muscles 

The bony pelvis with its joints and muscles form a strong basin-shaped 
,structure (with multiple foramina)
The pelvis contains and protects the lower parts of the alimentary & urinary 
63 .tracts & internal organs of reproduction
 FOUR
JOINTS

1- Anteriorly:
Symphysis pubis (cartilaginous joint).
2- Posteriolateraly:
Two Sacroiliac joints. (Synovial joins)
3- Posteriorly:
64 Sacrococcygeal joint (cartilaginous),
 The pelvis is divided into
two parts by the pelvic
brim.
Above the brim is the False
or greater pelvis, which is Pelvic
part of the abdominal cavity. brim
Below the brim is the True
or lesser pelvis.
The False pelvis is bounded by:
Posteriorly:
Lumbar vertebrae.
Laterally:
Iliac fossae and the iliacus
muscle.
Anteriorly:
Lower part of the anterior
abdominal wall.
It supports the abdominal
65 contents.
 The True pelvis
has:
 An Inlet.
 An Outlet.
 A Cavity:

The cavity is a short,

curved canal, with
a shallow anterior
wall and a deeper
posterior wall.
It lies between the
inlet and the
outlet.

66
 PELVIC PELVIC OUTLET
INLET

.Anteriorly: Symphysis pubis Anteriorly: Symphysis pubis.

Posteriorly: Promontory of sacrum, Posteriorly : Coccyx,
.ala of sacrum Anterolaterally: ischiopubic ramus
Laterally: Ileopectineal (arcuate) Posterolaterally: Sacrotuberous
ligament,
.lines
67
 FEMAL MALE
E

.In female the Sacrum is usually wider and shorter

.Also, the Angle of the pubic arch is wider
.The promontory and the ischial spines are less projecting
68
Types of Female Bony Pelvis
Information of
the shape and
dimensions of
the female
pelvis is of
great
importance for
obstetrics,
because it is the
bony canal
through which
the child passes
during birth.

69
 Pelvic walls
:The pelvis has 4 walls 

.Anterior 

.Posterior 

.Lateral 

.Inferior or floor 

The walls are formed by 

bones and ligaments that
are lined with muscles
covered with fascia and
.parietal peritoneum

ANTERIOR PELVIC
WALL
It is the shallowest wall and is formed by the
posterior surfaces of the bodies of the pubic
bones, the pubic rami, and the symphysis pubis.
70
 ?INTERESTING, RIGHT

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