Chemical Bonding

Presented by:

Gulfam Hussain
 Chemical Bonding
► Chemical compounds are formed by the
joining of two or more atoms.
►
►A stable compound occurs when the total
energy of the combination has lower energy
than the separated atoms.
 The two extreme cases of chemical
bonds are:
 Covalent bond: bond in
which one or more pairs of
electrons are shared by two
atoms.
 Ionic bond: bond in which
one or more electrons from
one atom are removed and
attached to another atom.
Other Types of Bonds

 Metallic Bonds:
In metals all atoms loses their valence
electrons which form electronic cloud , which
attracts the nucleus of neighboring atoms.
 Hydrogen Bonding:
Electrostatic force of attraction between highly
electronegative atom and partially positive
hydrogen atom e.g water.
 Ionic Bond

 An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond formed

through an electrostatic attraction between two
oppositely charged ions. Ionic bonds are formed
between a cat ion, which is usually a metal, and
an anion, which is usually a nonmetal.
 Example:
 NaCl forms ionic bond.
 How are Ionic Bonds Formed?
 Elements from opposite ends of the
periodic table will generally form ionic
bonds.
 Properties of Ionic Compounds
 Crystalline solids
 High melting and boiling points
 Conduct electricity when melted
 Many soluble in water but not in nonpolar
liquid
 Covalent Bonds
 bond in which one or more pairs of
electrons are shared by two atoms.
The atoms in covalent bonds do not lose or gain
electrons, instead They share pairs of electrons
to achieve stability, often by filling their outer
energy levels to achieve an octet.
Example: N2 forms covalent bond.
How are Covalent Bonds Formed?
 Elements which are close together in
electronegativity tend to form covalent bonds
and can exist as stable free molecules.
 Carbon dioxide is a common example.

 First Subtype of Covalent
Bonding
 Nonpolar bond
 Example: H2

 Because both atoms in the H2 molecule

have an equal attraction (or affinity) for
electrons, the bonding electrons are
equally shared by the two atoms, and a
nonpolar covalent bond is formed.
 Second Subtype of Covalent
Bonding
• Polar Bond
• formed when electrons are unequally
shared between two atoms
• Example: the hydrogen-oxygen bond in
the water molecule.
 Properties of Covalent
Compounds
• Gases, liquids, or solids
• Low melting and boiling points
• Poor electrical conductors in all phases
• Many soluble in non polar liquids but not in
water
• Are brittle
• When 2 atoms bond covalently the
resulting particle is a molecule
 Coordinate Covalent Bonds
 Covalent bonds in which both of the electrons in the shared
pair come from the same atom

 Covalent bonds don’t lose or gain electrons

 Electrons are not shared equally

Example:
The bond between NH3 and BF3 is Coordinate
Covalent Bonds
What Have You Learned?

 What are the two extreme cases

of bonds?
 Do covalent bonds lose or gain
electrons? (Yes or No).
 Why do atoms bond?
An
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