SUSTAINABLE STEEL

• Steel is the only building material that can be 100 % recycled. The circularity of
steel is a clear benefit compared to many other construction materials like
concrete or wood. The recycling possibilities are endless. Steel structures
contribute to sustainable construction methods.
• Steel frame solutions are very flexible and adaptable for changes which extends
the life cycle of the buildings. The layout of the buildings with steel structures
can be tailored to suit the changing needs and requirements of the building.
• Reinforcement and expansion can be implemented cost-efficiently. Because of
the bolted joints, the steel structures can also be dismantled and reused in another
construction project. Customizability of the steel structures and longer life cycle
of the buildings have a positive impact on sustainability in steel construction.
HOW IS STRUCTURAL STEEL
RECYCLED?
• Although it’s true that all forms of steel are recyclable, the recycling process differs from many other products.
This is due to the inherent value of steel—instead of being sent to a landfill or traditional recycling centre, steel
products will be sold to a scrap yard for compensation.
• There are three main sources of steel scrap that are sold to scrap yards: Home Scrap, Prompt (Industrial) Scrap,
and Obsolete Scrap.
• HOME SCRAP
• Home scrap is steel waste that occurs in-house in steel mills through the production of steel. This includes
trimmings and rejected scraps of steel. This does not typically have to be collected or purchased, as it is usually
redirected back into the furnace.
• PROMPT SCRAP
• Industrial scrap is a result of product manufacturing in areas such as automotive and appliances. Excess steel from
these warehouses and factories are auctioned and sold to scrap buyers, usually at a premium.
• OBSOLETE SCRAP
• This type of scrap stems from areas such as individual household appliances, old cars that are sent to a junkyard,
office, and household waste. Obsolete scrap constitutes the rest of the steel waste categories. It also includes old
junked buildings or structures that are sent to a junkyard and recovered for their steel elements.
WHY IS STRUCTURAL STEEL SO ENVIRONMENTALLY-
FRIENDLY?
• There are many reasons why structural steel is one of the least harmful materials to the environment.

• 1. LONGEVITY AND DURABILITY

• Compared to several other building materials, it doesn’t take much structural steel to hold a building up. The majority of structural
steel contains high levels of carbon, but even stainless steel, galvanised steel or mild steel can withstand large loads. All types of
steel are strong and durable.

• You can even create entire building frames using steel beams and columns welded together. These are known commonly in the
industry as steel frame buildings, which are frequently used in domestic and commercial extensions, refurbishments and exterior
cladding systems.

• 2. VERSATILITY
• Steel is a versatile metal with lots of applications, providing strength and durability to the world around us. Steel’s presence spans
from the tallest skyscrapers to everyday household items, and its production has been an integral part of technological growth
throughout the ages.

• Making up almost 2 billion tonnes produced in 2021 alone, steel is an iron alloy made up of a combination of metals and non-
metals such as carbon, iron, and tin. Most importantly, steel is highly recyclable, with more than 60 per cent being recycled back
into processes annually since 1970. On the other hand, other metals such as aluminium, copper and brass aren’t as versatile due to
degradation.
• 3. IT CAN BE RECYCLED
• Structural steel support beams and sections are all unique, in the sense that they can be recycled without losing any of their core
durability or structural integrity. Steel can be recycled at any point throughout its time in applications, with trimmed or cut pieces and
rejected parts finding many uses after steel fabrication work has been completed.

• Steel framed buildings, constructions and framing can be disassembled and reused. Thanks to 3D steel fabrication drawings, accurate
designs and exact material amounts can be calculated ahead of time to prevent waste. However, it’s fortunate that there are usually
plenty of uses for steel pieces that are cast aside from a project.

• 4. LOWER CO2 EMISSIONS

• The energy to produce raw steel materials has exponentially reduced over the years. Carbon dioxide byproducts can be recaptured,
cleaned and reused in other applications. Also, electric arc furnaces (EAFs) allow steel production from large percentages of scrap
metal. Producing steel from scrap uses less energy, but modern steel production is by no means an unsustainable practice.

• 5. NO HARSH CHEMICALS OR TOXINS

• Steel products do not emit any toxic chemicals, which is always preferable to the environment. Compared to other materials when, in
production, waste products are in plentiful supply, which is excellent when you consider that structural steel produces no toxic runoff.

• For people using steel products in the home or in a commercial environment, it’s reassuring to know that, when it succumbs to excess
heat, for example, it’s not going to emit anything harsh or dangerous to you.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WITH STEEL
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fe2M0gCIloc

Before castellated beams, there were i-beams. These

were developed way back in 1849 and provided a
strong and sturdy way of supporting houses and
other structures. Castellated beams were developed
as structural channels to increase the beam's depth
and strength without adding additional material and
weight.

https://havitsteelstructure.com/type-steel-building-structures/
 WELDING TYPES
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TlhGTSDfQxc
TYPES OF FORCES https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5DtcJNhOqg&t=110s
CAST STEEL Although the vast majority of structural steel is produced as rolled shapes ,structural shapes can also be
produced as cast steel that is ,by pouring molten steel into moulds and allowing the steel to cool .They are cast in
discrete molds rather than formed through a continuous rolling process ,cast steel parts can be non uniform in
section ,they can readily incorporate curves or complex geometries and their shapes can be carefully tailored to
the particular requirements of the part .
Steel can be cold worked-cold formed in a cold state .Cold
working causes the steel to gain considerable strength
through a realignment of its crystalline structure .Light
gauge steel sheet is formed into c shaped sections to make
short span framing members that are frequently used to
frame partition and exterior walls of larger buildings and
floor structures of smaller buildings

Heavier sheet or plate stock may be cold formed into

square, rectangular, round, and elliptical hollow shapes
that are then welded along the longitudinal seam to
form hollow structural sections(HSSs)

There hollow shapes makes them especially suitable for

members that are subjected to torsional stresses or to
buckling associated with compressive loads .
 SERIES SPAN DEPTH
Commonly used K –series joists 60 feet (18 m) 8 to 30 inches (200-760)
LH –series joists 96 feet (29 m) 18 to 48 inches (460-
1220m)
DLH-series joists 144 feet (44 m) 72 inches(1320-1830)
• OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS

In structural engineering, the open web steel joist (OWSJ) is a lightweight steel truss
consisting, in the standard form, of parallel chords and a triangulated web system,
proportioned to span between bearing points. Steel joists and Joist Girders being
erected.
What are open web steel joists used for?
An Overview of Open Web Steel Joists
Today, open web steel joists are one of the most commonly used framing systems
for floors and roofs in buildings.
Where greater depth is not
objectionable ,to support bays of steel
joist.
Depth :20 to 72 inch(500-1800mm)