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unit 4
unit 4
unit 4
Equation states that initially the output c(t) is zero and finally it
becomes unity. One important characteristic of such an exponential
response curve c(t) is that at t=T the value of c(t) is 0.632, or the
response c(t) has reached 63.2% of its total change. This may be
easily seen
Dr. Ankita by substituting t=T in c(t).That is,
Malhotra
6 SVKM's D J Sanghvi College of
c(T) = 1 - e-1 = 0.632
Engineering
Note that the smaller the time constant T, the faster the system response.
Another important characteristic of the exponential response curve is that the
slope of the tangent line at t=0 is 1/T, since
The output would reach the final value at t=T if it maintained its initial speed
of response. In two time constants, the response reaches 86.5%of the final
value.Dr.AtAnkita
7
t=3T, 4T, and 5T, the response reaches 95%, 98.2%, and 99.3%,
Malhotra
respectively,
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of the
SVKM's D Jfinal value.
Sanghvi College of Engineeri
Unit-Ramp Response of First-Order Systems.
Since the Laplace transform of the unit-ramp function is 1/s2,
we obtain the output of the system as:
The smaller the time constant T, the smaller the steady-state error in
9
following the ramp input.
Dr. Ankita Malhotra
SVKM's D J Sanghvi College of Engineeri
ng
Unit-Impulse Response of First-Order Systems.
Where ωd =
The frequency ωd is called the damped natural frequency. For a unit-
step input, C(s) can be written
1. Delay time, td
2. Rise time, tr
3. Peak time, tp
4. Maximum overshoot,Mp
5. Settling time, ts
5. Settling time, ts : The settling time is the time required for the
response curve to reach and stay within a range about the final
value of size specified by absolute percentage of the final value
(usually 2% or 5%). The settling time is related to the largest time
constant of the control system.
The cosine terms in this last equation cancel each other, dc/dt, evaluated at
t=tp, can be simplified to:
Since the peak time corresponds to the first peak overshoot, ωdtp =π. Hence
If the final value c(q) of the output is not unity, then we need to use the
following equation:
The static error constants defined in the following are figures of merit of control
systems. The higher the constants, the smaller the steady-state error. In a given
system, the output may be the position, velocity, pressure, temperature, or the like.
The physical form of the output, however, is immaterial to the present analysis.
Therefore, in what follows, we shall call the output “position,” the rate of change of
the output “velocity,” and so on. This means that in a temperature control system
“position” represents the output temperature, “velocity” represents the rate of change
of the output temperature, and so on.
35 Dr. Ankita Malhotra
SVKM's D J Sanghvi College of Engineeri
ng
Static Position Error Constant Kp. The steady-state error of the
system for a unit-step input is:
Thus, the steady-state error in terms of the static position error constant Kp is given by
Consider the unity-feedback control system with the following open-loop transfer function
G(s):