Introduction to

Matrices
Matrices are rectangular arrays of numbers, symbols, or expressions
arranged in rows and columns. They are a fundamental concept in linear
algebra and have numerous applications in mathematics, science, and
engineering.
Definition and Representation of
Matrices
1 Definition
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions
arranged in rows and columns.

2 Representation
Matrices are typically represented using square brackets, with the elements
separated by commas and rows separated by semicolons.

3 Dimensions
The dimensions of a matrix are determined by the number of rows and
columns it contains, and are typically denoted as m x n.
Types of Matrices
Square Matrix Diagonal Matrix Identity Matrix

A matrix with the same number of A square matrix with non-zero A square matrix with 1s on the main
rows and columns. elements only on the main diagonal. diagonal and 0s elsewhere.
Matrix Operations
1 Addition
Matrices can be added by adding the corresponding elements in
each row and column.

2 Subtraction
Matrices can be subtracted by subtracting the corresponding
elements in each row and column.

3 Multiplication
Matrices can be multiplied by multiplying the rows of the first
matrix with the columns of the second matrix.
Addition and Subtraction of
Matrices
1 Addition
Matrices can be added by adding the corresponding elements in
each row and column.

2 Subtraction
Matrices can be subtracted by subtracting the corresponding
elements in each row and column.

3 Properties
Matrix addition and subtraction are commutative, associative,
and have an identity element.
Multiplication of Matrices
1 Matrix Multiplication
Matrices can be multiplied by multiplying the rows of the first
matrix with the columns of the second matrix.

2 Conditions
The number of columns in the first matrix must be equal to the
number of rows in the second matrix for multiplication to be
possible.

3 Properties
Matrix multiplication is associative, but not commutative, and
has an identity element.
Transpose of a Matrix
Definition
The transpose of a matrix is a new matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and
columns of the original matrix.

Notation
The transpose of a matrix A is denoted as A^T or A'.

Properties
The transpose of a matrix preserves the dimensions of the original matrix and has many
useful properties.

Applications
Transposition is used in various matrix operations and has applications in linear algebra,
physics, and engineering.
Determinant of a Matrix

Definition Properties Applications

The determinant of a square matrix is The determinant has several The determinant has applications in
a scalar value that provides important properties, such as being solving systems of linear equations
information about the matrix. zero for singular matrices. and calculating the inverse of a
matrix.
Inverse of a Matrix
Definition
The inverse of a matrix is another matrix that, when
multiplied with the original matrix, results in the identity
matrix.

Conditions
A matrix has an inverse if and only if its determinant is non-
zero (i.e., it is a non-singular matrix).

Calculation
The inverse of a matrix can be calculated using various
methods, such as row reduction or the adjoint method.
Applications of Matrices
Linear Equations Matrices are used to represent and solve systems of
linear equations.

Transformations Matrices can be used to represent and perform

geometric transformations, such as rotations and
reflections.

Data Analysis Matrices are used in various data analysis techniques,

such as Principal Component Analysis and Markov
Chain analysis.

Computer Graphics Matrices are used extensively in computer graphics to

represent and manipulate 2D and 3D objects.
Made by: Shrey Mehrotra
Class:12 B
th