Operators and Expressions

Course Title: Programming language 1

Dept. of Computer Science

Faculty of Science and Technology

Lecturer No: 04 Week No: 5 Semester: Spring 23-24

Lecturer: Shaikat Das Joy; skdas@aiub.edu
Lecture Outline

 List of topics,
 Operators
 Types of operators
 Operator precedence
OPERATORS AND EXPRESSIONS
 Operators: The symbols which are used to perform logical
and mathematical operations.
 Expression: Operators, functions, constants and variables
are combined together to form expressions.
 Example: A + B * 5 is a Expression, where, +, * are
operators, A, B are variables, 5 is constant and A + B * 5 is
an expression.
TYPES OF C OPERATORS
C language offers many types of operators.They are,
a.Arithmetic operators
b.Assignment operators
c.Relational operators
d.Logical operators
e.Bit wise operators
f. Conditional operators (ternary operators)
g.Increment/decrement operators
h.Special operators
TYPES OF C OPERATORS
Types of Operators Description

Arithmetic_operators These are used to perform mathematical calculations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication, division and modulus
Assignment_operators These are used to assign the values for the variables in C programs.
Relational operators These operators are used to compare the value of two variables.

Logical operators These operators are used to perform logical operations on

the given two variables.
Bit wise operators These operators are used to perform bit operations on given two
variables.

Conditional (ternary) Conditional operators return one value if condition is true and
operators returns another value is condition is false.

Increment/decrement These operators are used to either increase or decrease the value
operators of the variable by one.

Special operators &, *, sizeof( ) and ternary operators.

ARITHMETIC OPERATOR
C Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical calculations

Arithmetic
Operators/Operation Example

+ (Addition) A+B

– (Subtraction) A-B

* (multiplication) A*B
/ (Division) A/B
% (Modulus) A%B
ARITHMETIC OPERATOR
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=40,b=20, add, sub, mul, div;
add = a+b;
sub = a-b;
mul = a*b;
div = a/b; Addition of a, b is : 60
printf("Addition of a, b is : %d\n", add); Subtraction of a, b is : 20
printf("Subtraction of a, b is : %d\n", sub); Multiplication of a, b is : 800
printf("Multiplication of a, b is : %d\n", mul);
Division of a, b is : 2
printf("Division of a, b is : %d\n", div);
return 0;
}
ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR
Operators Example/Description
= sum = 10;
10 is assigned to variable sum
• Used to assign values to variables. += sum += 10;
• Two categories of assignment operators: This is same as sum = sum + 10
1.Simple assignment operator -= sum -= 10;
This is same as sum = sum – 10
( Example: = )
*= sum *= 10;
2.Compound assignment This is same as sum = sum * 10
operators sum /= 10;
/=
( Example: +=, -=, *=, /=, This is same as sum = sum / 10
%=, &=, ^= ) sum %= 10;
%=
This is same as sum = sum % 10
&= sum&=10;
This is same as sum = sum & 10
Bitwise AND
^= sum ^= 10;
This is same as sum = sum ^ 10
Bitwise XOR
ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR
#include <stdio.h>
# include <stdio.h> int main(){
int main() int num = 1;
{ num =* 10;
int Total=0,i; num =/ 10;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{ return 0;
Total+=i; // This is same }
as Total = Total+i
}
#include <stdio.h>
printf("Total = %d", Total);
int main(){
}
int num = 1;
num *= 10;
num /= 10;
Total = 45
return 0;
}
RELATIONAL OPERATOR
Relational operators are used to find the relation between two variables. i.e.
to compare the values of two variables

Operators Example/Description
> x > y (x is greater than y)
< x < y (x is less than y)
>= x >= y (x is greater than or equal to y)
<= x <= y (x is less than or equal to y)
== x == y (x is equal to y)
!= x != y (x is not equal to y)
RELATIONAL OPERATOR
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int m=40,n=20; What will be the output!?
if (m == n)
{
printf("m and n are m is greater than n
equal");
}
else if (m < n)
{
printf("m is less than n");
}
else if (m > n)
{
printf("m is greater than
n");
}
LOGICAL OPERATOR
• These operators are used to perform logical operations on the given expressions.
• There are 3 logical operators in C language.

Operators Example/Description
(x>5)&&(y<5)
&& (logical AND) It returns true when both conditions are true
(x>=10)||(y>=10)
|| (logical OR) It returns true when at-least one of the condition is true

!((x>5)&&(y<5))
! (logical NOT) It reverses the state of the operand “((x>5) && (y<5))”
If “((x>5) && (y<5))” is true, logical NOT operator makes it
false
LOGICAL OPERATOR
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int m=40,n=20, o=20,p=30;
if (m>n && m !=0) && Operator : Both conditions are
{
printf("&& Operator : Both conditions are true\n");
true
} || Operator : Only one condition is
if (o>p || p!=20)
{ true
printf("|| Operator : Only one condition is true\n");
}
! Operator : Both conditions are true.
if (!(m>n && m !=0)) But status is inverted as false
{
printf("! O perator : Both conditions are true\n");
}
else
{
printf("! O perator : Both conditions are true.
But status is inverted as false");
}
}
LOGICAL OPERATOR
#include <stdio.h>

int main(){ What is the output?

int x = 10, y = 20;

if(x != y){ x and y are not equal!

printf("x and y are not equal!\n"); }
if(!(x == y)){
x and y are not equal!
printf("x and y are not equal!\n");} condition satisfied!
if(!(x<5)&&!(y>25)) condition satisfied!
{ printf("condition satisfied!\n");}

if(!((x<5)&&(y>25)))
{ printf("condition satisfied!");}

return 0;
}
TERNARY OPERATOR
Syntax : (C ondition? true_value: false_value);
Example : (A > 100 ? 0 : 1);

In above example, if A is greater than 100, 0 is returned else 1 is returned. This is equal to if
else conditional statements.

#include <stdio.h>
int main() x value is 1
{
int x=1, y ; y value is 2
y = ( x ==1 ? 2 : 0 ) ;
printf("x value is %d\n", x);
printf("y value is %d", y);
}
INCREMENT AND DECREMENT O PERATOR

Increase or decrease the value of a variable by one.

Syntax:
 Increment operator: ++var_name; (or) var_name++;
 Decrement operator: – -var_name; (or) var_name – -;

Example:

 Increment operator : ++ i ; i ++ ;
 Decrement operator : – – i ; i––;
INCREMENT AND DECREMENT O PERATOR

#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>

int main() int main()
{ {
int i=1; int i=20;
while(i<10) while(i>10)
{ {
printf("%d ",i); printf("%d ",i);
i++; i--;
} }
} }

Output: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Output: 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11
PRE/POST INCREMENT AND DECREMENT
OPERATOR

Operator Operator/Description
Pre increment operator (+ value of i is incremented before assigning it to the
+i) variable i
Post increment operator (i+
value of i is incremented after assigning it to the
+)
variable i
Pre decrement operator
value of i is decremented before assigning it to the
(- –i)
variable i
Post decrement operator value of i is decremented after assigning it to
(i– -) variable i
PRE/POST INCREMENT AND DECREMENT
OPERATOR

#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>

int main() int main()
{ {
int i=0; int i=0;
while(++i < 5 ) while(i++ < 5 )
{ {
printf("%d ",i); printf("%d ",i);
} }
return 0; return 0;
} }

Output: 1 2 3 4 Output: 1 2 3 4 5
PRE/POST INCREMENT AND DECREMENT
OPERATOR

#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>

int main() int main()
{ {
int i=10; int i=10;
while(--i > 5 ) while(i-- > 5 )
{ {
printf("%d ",i); printf("%d ",i);
} }
return 0; return 0;
} }

Output: 9 8 7 6 Output: 9 8 7 6 5
Operator Description Associativity
() Parentheses (function call) (see Note 1) left-to-right
[] Brackets (array subscript)
. Member selection via object name
-> Member selection via pointer
++ -- Postfix increment/decrement (see Note 2) C operators in order of precedence
++ -- Prefix increment/decrement right-to-left
(highest to lowest).
+- Unary plus/minus
!~ Logical negation/bitwise complement
(type) Cast (convert value to temporary value of type)
* Dereference
Their associativity indicates in what
& Address (of operand)
sizeof Determine size in bytes on this implementation order operators of equal
* / % Multiplication/division/modulus left-to-right precedence in an expression are
+ - Addition/subtraction left-to-right
<< >> Bitwise shift left, Bitwise shift right left-to-right
applied.
< <= Relational less than/less than or equal to left-to-right
> >= Relational greater than/greater than or equal to
== != Relational is equal to/is not equal to left-to-right
& Bitwise AND left-to-right
^ Bitwise exclusive OR left-to-right Note 1:Parentheses are also used to group sub-expressions
| Bitwise inclusive OR left-to-right to force a different precedence; such parenthetical
expressions can be nested and are evaluated from inner
&& Logical AND left-to-right to outer.
|| Logical OR left-to-right
?: Ternary conditional right-to-left Note 2:Postfix increment/decrement have high precedence,
but the actual increment or decrement of the operand is
= Assignment right-to-left delayed (to be accomplished sometime before the statement
+= -= Addition/subtraction assignment completes execution). So, in the statement y
*= /= Multiplication/division assignment = x * z++; the current value of z is used to evaluate the
expression
%= &= Modulus/bitwise AND assignment
(i.e., z++ evaluates to z) and z only incremented after all else
^= |= Bitwise exclusive/inclusive OR assignment is done.
<<= >>= Bitwise shift left/right assignment
, Comma (separate expressions) left-to-right
OPERATOR PRECEDENCE

int main() int main()

{ {
int i = 4; int i = 4;
int j = i + --i; printf("%d\ int j = i + i--; printf("%d\
n", j); n", j);
} }

Output: 6 Output: 7