Course Objectives

After completing this course, you will be able to:

• Understand the basic concepts of IP multicast.
• Understand typical multicast networking models.
• Understand the basic concepts of multicast routing protocols.
• Understand the working principles of IGMP.
• Master the basic configurations of IGMP.
Contents

Basic Concepts of IP Multicast

Multicast Routing Protocols

IGMP

IGMP Configuration and Deployment

Unicast Transmission in One-to-Many Communication Scenarios

PC 1

PC 2

IP packet

PC 3

• In unicast transmission mode, a data packet is destined only for a single host.
• The data source needs to send a copy of a data packet to each host that requires the packet.
• When hundreds of hosts require the same data packet, the data source creates and sends many copies of the same data
packet to the hosts, which greatly burdens the source, reduces network devices' performance, and consumes link
bandwidth resources.
Broadcast Transmission in One-to-Many Communication Scenarios

PC 1

PC 2
IP packet

• In broadcast transmission, a data packet is transmitted to all devices within a specific broadcast domain.
• Once a node sends a broadcast data packet, all devices in the same broadcast domain receive and process the data
packet, wasting the resources of those devices that do not need the packet. Especially when there are a large number of
broadcast data packets, much network bandwidth and device resources will be consumed.
• IPv6 does not use the broadcast transmission mode.
Multicast Transmission in One-to-Many Communication Scenarios

PC 1

PC 2

Multicast
server

IP packet

PC 3

• In multicast transmission, a source sends a data packet only to hosts that have joined a multicast group. The source sends a
single data packet even when many hosts require the packet. Multicast devices (that run multicast routing protocols)
replicate or forward the packet as needed.
• The data packet is sent only to users who have joined this group, so users who do not need the data will not receive the
data.
• Only one copy of the service flow is transmitted on each link, which greatly improves network resource utilization.
Advantages, Disadvantages, and Applications of Multicast

Advantages:
• Improves transmission efficiency by reducing the
traffic volume and hardware processing workload.
• Improves performance by preventing unnecessary
traffic transmission and reducing bandwidth
consumption and network devices' workload.
• Supports distributed applications, allowing hosts
to be both traffic senders and receivers
Disadvantages:
• Is based on UDP and uses the best-effort
transmission mechanism.
• Does not have mechanisms for preventing
congestion.
• May cause duplicate or disordered packets.
Applications:
• Applies to scenarios in which multiple hosts require
the same traffic.
• Applies to scenarios in which data receivers'
addresses (or locations) are unknown.
• Typical multicast applications include live multimedia
content (such as IPTV), online education, tele-
learning, data warehousing, stock trading, and one-to-
many data delivery.
Multicast Service Models

Source 1. A multicast source sends the

No signaling multicast data of a specific group,
protocol needed
without caring about group members'
locations.
R1
2. A multicast router replicates and
forwards multicast data to the network
Multicast routing
R2 R3 branches that are attached to
protocol
For example, PIM multicast group members.
3. A host joins a multicast group as
R4 R5 R6 needed, so that it can receive data
packets of the group.
Group member
management protocol
PC 1 PC 2 PC 3 IGMP First-hop router: R1
Receiver Receiver Last-hop routers: R4, R5, and R6
Terms

Source: multicast traffic sender, such as a multimedia server. A multicast source does not need to run any
multicast protocols. It only needs to send out multicast data.
Receiver: a multicast group member that needs to receive the data of a multicast group, such as a PC that
receives live multimedia content.
Multicast group: a set of hosts that require the traffic of the same multicast program. A multicast group is
identified by a multicast IP address. For example, 224.1.1.1 is an IPv4 multicast group address, to which a
multicast source can send data. If a host wants to receive the data of this group, it needs to join the group.
Multicast router: a network device that runs a multicast protocol. A multicast router is an example of a
multicast device, as are switches and firewalls that support multicast routing protocols.
First-hop router: a multicast router directly connected to a multicast source. A first-hop router is responsible
for receiving multicast data from a multicast source and forwarding the data to the multicast network.
Last-hop router: a multicast router directly connected to multicast group members. A last-hop router is
responsible for forwarding multicast data to the directly connected network segment and for managing and
maintaining multicast group members.
Multicast Distribution Trees

Source

A multicast distribution tree determines the

R1 forwarding path of multicast traffic and is built by
multicast protocols.

R2 R3

R4 R5 R6

PC 1 PC 2 PC 3
Receiver Receiver
Multicast IP Addresses

In IPv4, Class D IP addresses (224.0.0.0/4) are multicast addresses. A multicast IP address identifies a group of
receives who are interested in the same traffic.
The IANA defines Class D IP addresses as follows:

Permanent multicast group addresses reserved by the IANA for special purposes and
designated for multicasting on local links only. The meanings of some commonly
used addresses in this range include:
224.0.0.1: identifies all nodes.
224.0.0.0 – 224.0.0.255
224.0.0.2: identifies all multicast routers.
224.0.0.9: identifies RIPv2 routers.
224.0.0.5: identifies OSPF routers.
224.0.0.6: identifies OSPF DRs.

User group addresses valid on the entire network. The IANA further classifies
224.0.1.0 – 238.255.255.255
addresses in this range into SSM group addresses and GLOP group addresses.

232.0.0.0 – 232.255.255.255 Source-specific multicast (SSM) group addresses.

239.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255 Local administrative group addresses, similar to private addresses.

Multicast MAC Addresses

Ethernet Header IP Header UDP Header Payload

Destination Source MAC Payload of the The source IP address is the IP address of a multicast sender.
MAC address address multicast packet The destination IP address is a multicast group IP address.

Must identify a
group of receivers

0100-5e00-0000
Multicast MAC address

0000 0001 0000 0000 0101 1110 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000

0: unicast MAC address

1: multicast MAC address
Mapping Between Multicast IP Addresses and MAC Addresses

230 20 15 33
Multicast IP address
11100110000101000000111100100001

One-to-one mapping
Fixed 5 bits lost for the last 23 bits
bits
Fixed bits

000000010000000001011110000101000000111100100001
Multicast MAC address
01 00 5E 20 15 33

• The last bit in the first octet of a multicast MAC address is fixed at 1.
• The last bit in the first octet of a unicast MAC address is fixed at 0.
• A total of 32 IPv4 multicast addresses are mapped to each MAC address, because of a loss of 5 bits in the multicast IP
address.
Contents

Basic Concepts of IP Multicast

Multicast Routing Protocols

IGMP

IGMP Configuration and Deployment

Multicast Routing Protocols

Source
No signaling
protocol needed
• A multicast router replicates and
R1
forwards multicast data to the network
branches that are attached to multicast
Multicast routing protocol
R2 R3 group members.
For example, PIM
• How is the multicast traffic forwarding
path determined?
R4 R5 R6
• How can devices ensure correct
Group member multicast traffic forwarding?
management protocol • How can loops be prevented in
PC 1 PC 2 PC 3 IGMP multicast traffic transmission?
Receiver Receiver
Multicast Routing Protocols

A unicast data packet is sent from a source to a single receiver. The routers involved in this process focus on
sending the packet to the correct destination without caring about the packet's source address. However, multicast
transmission is done in one-to-many mode — a multicast data packet is sent from a source to a group of hosts. The
multicast routers involved are responsible for sending the packet to all hosts that require the data. How does a
multicast router identify the packet destinations? Which interfaces require the packet? How is the forwarding path of
the packet determined? All these issues can be resolved by multicast routing protocols.
Any loops that exist cause much more severe problems on a multicast network than they would on a unicast
network, because each single multicast data packet is sent to a group of hosts. Therefore, all multicast routers must
know the multicast source of a multicast packet and also forward the packet from the source (incoming direction) to
destinations.
Each multicast router maintains a multicast routing table (also called multicast forward table) to ensure correct data
forwarding from the upstream node to the downstream node.
A unicast routing protocol does not care about data sources; instead, it focuses on the selection of the shortest path
to a destination. A multicast routing protocol, however, must determine upstream interfaces closer to data sources.
Key Functions of Multicast Routing Protocols

Source No signaling
protocol needed
• Checking whether a multicast packet is
received from the correct interface and
R1
ensure the loop-free forwarding of the
packet
Multicast • Setting up a multicast distribution tree to
R2 R3
routing protocol
determine the multicast data forwarding
For example, PIM
path
R4 R5 R6 • Creating (S, G) or (*, G) multicast
forwarding entries on each multicast
Group member router on a multicast distribution tree
management protocol
PC 1 PC 2 PC 3 IGMP
Receiver Receiver
Multicast Routing Entries

PIM routing entries are multicast routing entries created by PIM. Two types of PIM routing entries exist: (S, G)
and (*, G). S indicates a specific multicast source, * indicates any multicast source, and G indicates a multicast
group.
An (S, G) entry is created if the multicast source address is known. (S, G) entries are used for setting up a shortest path
tree (SPT). This type of entry applies to PIM-DM and PIM-SM networks.
An (*, G) entry is created if the multicast source address is unknown. (*, G) entries are mainly used by PIM routers to
set up a rendezvous point tree (RPT). This type of entry applies to PIM-SM and BIDIR-PIM networks.
A PIM router may have both (*, G) and (S, G) entries. After receiving a packet that contains both a source
address and group address, the PIM router processes the packet as follows:
If an (S, G) entry is found for the packet, the router determines the packet forwarding path based on the (S, G) entry
information.
If only an (*, G) entry is found for the packet, the router creates an (S, G) entry based on the (*, G) entry information,
and then determines the packet forwarding path based on the (S, G) entry information.
Multicast Distribution Tree Classification

SPT:
An SPT has a multicast source at the root and receivers at the branches.
An SPT provides the shortest path for multicast data transmission.
SPTs apply to PIM-DM and PIM-SM networks.

RPT:
An RPT has an RP at the root.
The RP is shared by multiple multicast groups. An RPT branch is created between the RP and a multicast router
attached to group members. In RPT scenarios, all multicast data sent by a source is forwarded by the RP to
branches that need the data.
RPTs apply to PIM-SM and BIDIR-PIM networks.
SPT

GE 0/0/0
GE 0/0/2 PC 2
Receiver
An SPT mainly uses (S, G) entries, such as
GE 0/0/1
the following:
(10.10.10.10, 239.1.1.1)
Upstream interface: GE0/0/0
Downstream interface(s): GE0/0/1, GE0/0/2 PC 3

PC 1 SPT
Receiver
RPT

Source 2
Source 1 11.11.11.11
10.10.10.10

PC 2
RP
Receiver
An RPT mainly uses (*, G) entries,
such as the following:
(*, 239.1.1.1)
Upstream interface: GE0/0/0 GE 0/0/0

Downstream interface(s): GE0/0/1 PC 3

GE 0/0/1

SPT
PC 1
Receiver RPT
RPF

Unicast routing table of R1 R3

Destination network Outbound

address/mask interface Source
11.6.3.0/24 GE 0/0/0 11.6.3.2/24

/0 /0
G E0
Receiver Multicast data
GE 0/0/1
R1 R2

• Any loops that exist cause much more severe problems on a multicast network than they would on a unicast network.
Besides the destination address of a multicast packet, a multicast router also cares about the source address of the packet.
The router performs reverse path forwarding (RPF) checks to ensure the loop-free forwarding of multicast packets.
• The RPF mechanism enables the router to check whether a multicast data packet is received on the correct interface. The
router forwards the packet if it passes the check, but discards the packet if not. The correct interface refers to the RPF
interface (also known as the upstream interface). Generally, RPF checks are based on unicast routing entries.
RPF

R3
Unicast routing table of R1
Destination network Outbound
address/mask interface Source
11.6.3.2/24
11.6.3.0/24 GE 0/0/0

/0 /0
G E0
Receiver Multicast data
GE 0/0/1
R1 R2

• R1 receives the same multicast data packet on both its GE 0/0/0 and GE 0/0/1 interfaces.
• The unicast routing table of R1 contains a route to the source 11.6.3.2. So, R1 checks whether the packet is
received on the correct interface based on the outbound interface of the unicast route.
• The local outbound interface connected to the source is GE 0/0/0 on R1. Therefore, the packet received on this
interface passes the RPF check, and the packet received on GE 0/0/1 fails to pass the check. Based on the check
result, R1 permits the packet on GE 0/0/0 and discards the packet on GE 0/0/1.
Multicast Routing Protocol Classification

PIM-DM
PIM-DM is used on small-scale networks with densely distributed receivers. It uses the "push" mode to
forward multicast data packets. In this mode, a router assumes that at least one source-specific group
member exists on each subnet and therefore pushes multicast data packets to each subnet. A subnet is
later pruned if it does not need the packets.
PIM-SM
PIM-SM uses the pull transmission mode, not the push mode. In this mode, a router assumes that no
network segments require the multicast traffic of a group. Instead, the router sends traffic only to hosts that
have joined the multicast group.
PIM-DM: Flood and Prune

10.1.1.1

PC 2 Initially, multicast traffic is flooded throughout the

Receiver network. So, all branches receive the traffic,
including those that do not need it.
Each multicast router creates (S, G) entries in its
multicast routing table. In this example, the
PC 3 multicast source 10.1.1.1 sends the traffic of the
group 239.1.1.1, so the (10.1.1.1, 239.1.1.1)
entry is created.

PC 1 Multicast
Receiver data flow
PIM-DM: Flood and Prune

PC 2 If a branch does not need the traffic of (10.1.1.1,

Receiver
239.1.1.1), it sends a PIM Prune packet,
requesting to be removed from the multicast
distribution tree.
After receiving the Prune packet, the upstream
PC 3
router removes the interface that received the
packet from the outbound interface list of the
(10.1.1.1, 239.1.1.1) entry.

PC 1
Receiver PIM Prune
PIM-DM: Flood and Prune

PC 2 After network convergence is complete, the

Receiver
SPT becomes stable. Multicast traffic will then
be forwarded along the SPT continuously from
PI M the multicast source to receivers, as shown in
Pru
ne the figure.
PIM Prune
PC 3
If a router does not need the traffic, it
periodically sends a Prune packet to its
upstream neighbor.

PC 1
Receiver SPT
PIM-DM: Graft

PC 2 If a branch that has been pruned from the SPT

Receiver
later requires multicast traffic, the last-hop
PI M
Gr router of the branch sends a PIM Graft packet
af t PI M
- AC to its upstream neighbor, requesting to be
K Gr
af t
added back to the SPT.
PC 3
New receiver

PC 1
Receiver
PIM-DM: Graft

PC 2
Receiver
After grafting is complete, a new SPT is created,
PI M
Gr
af t
along which multicast traffic is sent to receivers.
- AC PI M
K Gr
af t

PC 3
New receiver

PC 1
Receiver
PIM-SM: Join

RP
A

B C
in
Jo
M
PI

D E
PIM Join

PC
Receiver

PIM-SM uses the pull transmission mode, instead of the push mode used by PIM-DM. In pull mode, a router assumes
that no network segments require the multicast traffic of a group. Instead, the router sends traffic only to hosts that have
joined the multicast group.
An important PIM router, called the rendezvous point (RP), is maintained on the network. The RP provides services for
existing and new multicast sources or group members. When a host starts to request the traffic of a multicast group, the
last-hop router sends a Join packet to the RP, during which an (*, G) entry is created on each device that the packet
passes through. Finally, an RPT is created, with the RP at the root.
Contents

Basic Concepts of IP Multicast

Multicast Routing Protocols

IGMP

IGMP Configuration and Deployment

IGMP

Source • The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is used

between hosts and last-hop routers.
• Hosts use IGMP to send requests to routers to join or leave
multicast groups, and routers use IGMP to query whether
R1 network segments include multicast group members. By default,
routers forward multicast traffic only to interfaces that have
multicast group members.
R2 R3 • Routers use IGMP to determine whether a network segment
contains multicast group members.

R4 R5 R6

Group management protocol

IGMP
PC1 PC2 PC3
Receiver Receiver
IGMP

• IGMP works between last-hop routers and multicast receivers on a multicast network. It defines how
hosts and multicast routers on a network segment maintain group member information.
• IGMP messages are carried in IP packets with a protocol number of 2 and TTL of 1.
• There are three versions of IGMP:
 IGMPv1 (defined in RFC 1112)
 IGMPv2 (defined in RFC 2236)
 IGMPv3 (defined in RFC 3376)
IGMPv2 Messages

• General Query: standard query message periodically sent by IGMP routers to obtain information about
multicast groups
• Group-Specific Query: query message sent to a specified group to determine whether the group
contains any members
• Membership Report: report message sent from hosts to routers to join a multicast group or respond to a
query
• Leave Group: message sent from hosts to routers to indicate their intention to leave a specified
multicast group
• Version 1 Membership Report: included for compatibility with IGMPv1
IGMPv2 Messages

Version Type Max. Response Checksum

(4 bits) (4 bits) Time (8 bits) (16 bits)

Multicast Group Address (32 bits)

• Type: indicates the message type (Membership Query, Membership Report, Leave Group, or Version 1 Membership
Report)
• Maximum Response Time: (only valid in queries; set to 0x00 in other messages) indicates the longest time that hosts can
wait to respond to a Membership Report message. The default value is 10s. This can be changed using the igmp max-
response-time command, with the desired time specified in seconds.
• Multicast Group Address:
 Set to 0.0.0.0 in General Query messages
 Set to the target multicast group address in Group-Specific Query messages
 Set to the target multicast group address in Membership Report and Leave Group messages
IGMPv2 Membership Query (Type: 0x11)

• General Query
 Routers use General Query messages to obtain information about all hosts on a network segment.
These messages are sent to 224.0.0.1 (all multicast hosts) and the group address carried in them is
0.0.0.0. Hosts that receive a General Query respond with a Membership Report message if they
require multicast data.
 If a Membership Report packet is not received from a certain network segment before the Multicast
Listener Interval expires, the router advertises the segment as having no multicast group members
and does not send further multicast data to the segment. The Multicast Listener Interval is equal to
two Query Intervals plus 10 seconds, so its default value is 130s (2x60s + 10s).
 You can change the Query Interval by running the igmp timer query command.
 You can change the maximum response time (longest time hosts can wait to respond to queries) by
running the igmp max-response-time command. The default value is 10.
IGMPv2 Membership Query (Type: 0x11)

• Group-Specific Query
 When routers receive a Leave Group message from a multicast group member, they respond by
sending a Group-Specific Query message to the multicast group involved to determine whether any
members remain in the group.
 The destination IP address of a Group-Specific Query is the address of the group containing the host
that sent the Leave Group message.
 Queriers send a second Group-Specific Query after 1 second to ensure that groups are not
inadvertently considered empty due to dropped or damaged packets. They only remove groups after
receiving no reply to the second query.
IGMPv2 Membership Report (Type: 0x16)

 Hosts use Membership Report messages to inform routers that they are multicast group members.
 The destination IP address of a Membership Report is the host's current or target multicast group.
 Routers use Membership Report messages to discover multicast group members on a
network segment.
 Membership Report messages are also used to respond to queries.
IGMPv2 Leave Report (Type: 0x17)

 IGMPv1 did not define a way for members to leave groups; to do so, they simply stopped responding
to queries. This mechanism was improved in IGMPv2 by the addition of the Leave Group
mechanism.
 To leave a multicast group, an IGMPv2 host must send a Leave Group message destined for
224.0.0.2 (all multicast routers).
 When a router receives a Leave Group message from a multicast group member, it responds by
sending a Group-Specific Query message to the multicast group involved to determine whether any
members remain in the group. Remaining members must respond to the Group-Specific Query with a
Membership Report message. If the router receives no response, it decides that the network
segment does not contain any group members and removes the group.
IGMPv2 Querier

IGMP
R1 Querier R2
GE 0/0/0 GE 0/0/0
192.168.1.1/24 192.168.1.2/24

• It would be inefficient for all multicast routers on a network segment to send their own IGMP queries.
• IGMP therefore selects one router (interface) per segment to act as the querier.
• In IGMPv2, the router with the lowest IP address is selected as the IGMP querier.
• In the diagram here, GE 0/0/0 on R1 has a lower IP address than GE 0/0/0 on R2, so GE 0/0/0 on R1 is chosen as the IGMP querier
for this segment.
• If non-queriers (such as GE 0/0/0 on R2) do not receive any query messages from the querier before the Other Querier Present
Timer expires (125s by default), they decide that the querier has gone down and select a new querier using the same process
(lowest IP address).
IGMPv2 General Query

R1
IGMPv2 Querier
Periodically sends
General Query messages 1
to 224.0.0.1

PC 1 PC 3
224.1.1.1 member 224.1.1.1 member

R1's interface is the IGMP querier for this segment and periodically sends General Query messages to determine
whether attached group members are online. It sends a General Query once every Query Interval (60s by default).
Responding to IGMPv2 General Queries

R1
IGMPv2 Querier
Periodically sends
General Query messages 1
to 224.0.0.1

Sends
Membership
Report message
2 to 224.1.1.1
PC 1 PC 3
224.1.1.1 member 224.1.1.1 member

When PC 1 and PC 3 receive these queries, the report delay timer on each host is started at a number chosen uniformly
between 0 and the value of the maximum response time field included in the query (10 seconds by default). This timer counts
down to 0, at which point the host sends a Membership Report message.
Hosts that receive a Membership Report from another host before the timer expires do not send a Membership Report of their
own. This suppresses duplicate reports on the network segment.
Responding to General Queries and Suppressing Membership Reports

R1
IGMPv2 Querier
Periodically sends
General Query messages 1
to 224.0.0.1

Sends
Membership
Report message
2 to 224.1.1.1 3
PC 1 PC 3
224.1.1.1 member 224.1.1.1 member

PC 1 in this figure has received a query and its report delay timer has just reached 0. PC 1 sends a Membership Report
message to inform R1 that it is a member of multicast group 224.1.1.1. PC 3 is in the same multicast group as PC 1 but its
timer has not reached 0. When it receives PC 1's Membership Report message, it suppresses its own message to prevent
duplicate reports.
IGMPv2 Leave Group Process (Scenario 1)

R1
IGMPv2 Querier
Sends Group-Specific Query
messages to 224.1.1.1 2
(two queries at 1s interval)

Sends Leave
Group message Sends
(group address Membership
1 224.1.1.1) Report message 3
PC 1 to 224.0.0.2 to 224.1.1.1 PC 3
224.1.1.1 member 224.1.1.1 member

1. PC 1 wants to leave group 224.1.1.1, so it sends a Leave Group message to 224.0.0.2.

2. R1 responds to this message with two Group-Specific Queries (at a 1 second interval) to determine whether the network
segment still contains any 224.1.1.1 members.
3. PC 3 has not left the group and therefore responds with a Membership Report. R1 continues forwarding multicast traffic to
the group.
IGMPv2 Leave Group Process (Scenario 2)

R1
IGMPv2 Querier
Sends Group-Specific Query
messages to 224.2.2.2 2 3 224.2.2.2 does not respond
(two queries at 1s interval) and is removed

Sends Leave
Group message
(group address
224.2.2.2)
1
to 224.0.0.2 PC 2
224.2.2.2 member

1. PC 2 wants to leave group 224.2.2.2, so it sends a Leave Group message.

2. R1 responds to this message with two Group-Specific Queries (at a 1 second interval). There are no 224.2.2.2 members on
the segment, so R1 does not receive a response.
3. Shortly thereafter, R1 decides that no 224.2.2.2 members remain and stops forwarding that group's multicast traffic to the
segment.
Timers

Name Default Description Command

Query Interval 60s Interval for sending General Query messages igmp timer query

Maximum response time 10s Longest time hosts can wait to respond to General igmp max-response-time
Query messages

Last Member Query 1s Time after receiving a Leave Group message that a igmp lastmember-queryinterval
Interval querier will respond with Group-Specific queries

This timer cannot be configured directly. It is

Multicast Listener 130s Time that must pass before a router decides that calculated as follows:
Interval (2 x 60s + 10s) there are no more listeners for an address on a link [robust-count] x [query interval] + [max. response
time]

igmp timer other-querier-present

Other Querier Present 125s Time after which non-queriers decide that the Note: If not separately configured, this timer is
Interval (2 x 60s + 10s/2) querier has gone down calculated as follows:
[robust-count] x [query interval] + [max. response
time]/2
Robustness Variable

• The default value of the robustness variable (robust-count) is 2.

• Increasing the value makes IGMP routers more robust but lengthens the timeout of multicast groups.
• The robustness variable can be configured using the command robust-count robust-value.
• The number of General Queries sent by a newly enabled router is equal to the robustness variable, and the
interval at which these are sent is one fourth of the Query Interval.
• When routers receive Leave Group messages:
 (IGMPv2) The number of Group-Specific Queries sent in response is equal to the robustness variable, and the
interval at which these are sent is equal to the Last Member Query Interval.
 (IGMPv3) The number of Group-and-Source-Specific Queries sent in response is equal to the robustness
variable, and the interval at which these are sent is equal to the Last Member
Query Interval.
display igmp interface verbose

Interface information of VPN-Instance: public net

GigabitEthernet0/0/1(10.1.1.253):

IGMP is enabled

Current IGMP version is 2

IGMP state: up

IGMP group policy: none

IGMP limit: -

Value of query interval for IGMP (negotiated): -

Value of query interval for IGMP (configured): 60 s

Value of other querier timeout for IGMP: 0 s

Value of maximum query response time for IGMP: 10 s

Value of last member query time: 2 s

Value of last member query interval: 1 s

Value of startup query interval: 15 s

Value of startup query count: 2

(continued on next page)

display igmp interface verbose

General query timer expiry (hours:minutes:seconds): 00:00:14

Querier for IGMP: 10.1.1.253 (this router)

IGMP activity: 11 joins, 4 leaves

Robustness (negotiated): -

Robustness (configured): 2

Require-router-alert: disabled

Send-router-alert: enabled

Ip-source-policy: disabled

Query Ip-source-policy: disabled

Prompt-leave: disabled

SSM-Mapping: disabled

Startup-query-timer-expiry: off

Other-querier-present-timer-expiry: off
IGMP Group and Routing Tables

• Group table entries are created when an IGMP join message is received from a host. This table is used to maintain
group information and instruct multicast routing protocols (such as PIM) to create corresponding (*, G) entries. The
table exists on every device interface that has IGMP enabled and has received a join message. Entries are created in
the following format:
<HUAWEI> display igmp group
Interface group report information of VPN-Instance: public net
GigabitEthernet1/0/0 (10.1.6.2):
Total 1 IGMP Group reported
Group Address Last Reporter Uptime Expires
225.1.1.2 10.1.6.10 00:02:04 00:01:17

• IGMP routing table entries are only created on interfaces that do not have PIM enabled. These entries are
maintained by IGMP itself. The main purpose of the table is to extend the egress interface of multicast routing
entries. Routing table entries are created in the following format:
<HUAWEI> display igmp routing-table
Routing table of VPN-Instance: public net
Total 1 entry

00001. (*, 225.1.1.1)

List of 1 downstream interface
GigabitEthernet1/0/0 (20.20.20.1),
Protocol: IGMP
Contents

Basic Concepts of IP Multicast

Multicast Routing Protocols

IGMP

IGMP Configuration and Deployment

Configuration Commands

• Enabling multicast routing on a router:

[Huawei] multicast routing-enable

• Enabling IGMP on an interface and selecting an IGMP version:

[Huawei] interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1] igmp enable
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1] igmp version 2 #Default: IGMPv2
Configuration Commands

(Optional) Static group configuration

Creating a static multicast group on an interface indicates that members of the group will reside on the attached
segment indefinitely and ensures that group traffic will be forwarded to the segment. In some scenarios, it can be
beneficial to configure static multicast groups on the user side. For example:
• Rapid, continuous forwarding of multicast traffic to a group whose membership is stable
• Sending multicast group traffic to a network segment that does not contain group members (or hosts that can send
Membership Reports)

To configure a static group, run the following commands:

[Huawei] interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1] igmp static-group 224.1.1.1

The multicast source address can also be specified:

[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1] igmp static-group 232.1.1.1 source 192.168.11.1
Configuration Commands

• Setting the Query Interval (60s by default):

[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1] igmp timers query interval

• Setting the robustness variable (2 by default):

[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1] robust-count robust-value

• Setting the maximum response time (10s by default):

[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1] igmp max-response-time interval