Prestressed Concrete

Engr. Muhammad Ali

Lecturer,
Dept. of Civil Engineering
(The University of Faisalabad.)
 General Details
• Department of Civil Engineering.

• Course: Prestressed Concrete.

• Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Ali.

• Lecture No. 06.

• Week No. 06.

• Class: MSc Civil Engineering (Structural Engineering).

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 General Details
• Department of Civil Engineering.
• Course: Prestressed Concrete.
• Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Ali.
• Lecture No. 06.
• Week No. 06.

The University of Faisalabad.

 Prestressing Losses &
Design Examples
Engr. Muhammad Ali
Lecturer,
Dept. of Civil Engineering
(The University of Faisalabad.)

Course: Prestressed Concrete

 Text Books
1. Prestressed Concrete Structures by Michael P. Collins.

2. Prestressed Concrete by Edward G. Nawy.

3. Modern Prestressed Concrete - 3rd Ed. by James G. Libby.

4. Design of Prestressed Concrete – 2nd Ed. by A. H. Nilson.

5. Structural Concrete – Theory & Design – by N. Hassoun.

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 Summary of Previous Lecture
1. Prestressed Concrete, Concepts & Principles.
2. Methods & Stages of Prestressing.
3. Tendon Profiles and Components of Prestressing.
4. Advantages and Applications of Prestressing.
5. Materials used for Prestressed Concrete.
6. Prestressing Steel, Standards and Codes.
7. Prestressing Losses.

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 Contents
Prestressing Losses & Design
Examples for Pre-tensioned and Post-
tensioned Members

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 Prestressing Losses (Contd..)

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 4. Shrinkage Loss (SH)
• The magnitude of the shrinkage of concrete is affected by several
factors. They include mixture proportions, type of aggregate, type
of cement, curing time, time between and the end of external
curing and the application of prestressing, size of the member, and
the environmental conditions.
• Size and shape of the member also affect shrinkage.
Approximately 80% of shrinkage takes place in the final year of
life of the structure. Average value of ultimate shrinkage strain in
both moist-cured and steam-cured concrete is given as in the ACI
209R-92…
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 4. Shrinkage Loss (SH)
• This average value is affected by the length of initial moist curing,
ambient relative humidity, volume-surface ratio, temperature, and
concrete composition.
• To take such effects into account, the average value of shrinkage
strain should be multiplied by a correction factor as follows.

Components of are factors for various environmental conditions.

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 4. Shrinkage Loss (SH)

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 Shrinkage of Concrete
Shrinkage of concrete is defined as the
contraction due to loss of moisture.
• Due to the shrinkage of concrete, the
prestress in the tendon is reduced with
time.
• For pre-tensioned members, transfer
commonly takes place after 24 hours after
casting and nearly all shrinkage takes
place after that. Average shrinkage value
of concrete is 0.0003.
• For post-tensioned members, stressing
may takes place after one day or much
later, thus a large percentage of shrinkage
may already taken place by them. Average
shrinkage value of concrete is 0.0002.

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 Immediate Losses
Anchorage Slip
• In most Post-
tensioning systems
when the prestress
force is transferred
from the jack to the
anchoring ends, the
wedges slip over a
small distance.
• Loss of prestress is due
to the consequent
reduction in the length
of the tendon.
• Amount of slip
depends on type of
anchorage system.
 Immediate Losses
Frictional Losses
• The friction generated at the interface of concrete and steel during the
stretching of a curved tendon in a post-tensioned member.
• The friction in the jacking anchoring system is generally small.
• More serious frictional loss occurs between the tendon and its
surrounding material.
• Frictional loss occurs only in Post-tensioned Members.
• The loss due to friction does not occur in pre-tensioned members
because there is no concrete during the stretching of the tendons.
• Friction is generated due to curvature of tendon, and vertical component
of the prestressing force.

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 Immediate Losses
Frictional Losses

A typical continuous post-tensioned member

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 Immediate Losses
Frictional Loss
• Frictional Loss is the summation of:
– Friction Loss Due to length Effect.
– Friction Loss Due to Curvature Effect.

• Length Effect: If the profile of cable is linear, the loss will be due
to straightening or stretching of the cables.
• Curvature Effect: If the profile is curved, there will be loss in
stress due to friction between tendon and the duct or between the
tendons themselves.

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 Length & Curvature Effects Immediate Losses

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 Immediate Losses
Methods available to reduce frictional loss
1. Cables should pass through metal tubes.

2. The bends should be through as small an angle as possible.

3. Radius of curvature for bends should be large.

4. Prestressing the wire from both ends.

5. Over-tensioning the wires.

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 ive
ect
ff
– E
ess
Str
ia l
it
n ss
= I
ss tr e
tre S
res
f P
s o
os
L

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 Initial Prestress
• Deducting the loss due to anchorage take-up and friction, initial prestress
is obtained.
• If prestress is measured at the time of pulling the wire, the stress is
termed as the jacking stress.
• If jacketing stress is treated as the initial stress, effective stress is
jacketing stress minus all losses.

 Effective Prestress
• Initial Prestress in steel minus the losses is known as the effective or
design prestress.

Effective prestress = Initial prestress - Losses

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 Total Amount of Losses according to
Tensioning System
• Total Pre-Tension Losses = Loss due to creep + Elastic
shortening + Shrinkage + Steel Relaxation.

• Total Post-Tension Losses = Loss due to creep + Elastic

shortening + Shrinkage + Steel Relaxation + Anchorage slip +
Friction.

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 Comparison between RCC & Prestressed
Concrete

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 Pre-tensioned Losses in Prestressed
Members

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 Prestress Losses – Design Example
Problem 01: A 36-ft-span pre-tensioned simply supported beam
has a rectangular cross-section with b = 18 in. and h = 32 in.
Calculate the elastic loss and all time-dependent losses. Given:
Prestressing force at transfer is , area of prestressing steel is , , , ,
profile of tendon is parabolic, eccentricity at midspan = 6.0 in., and
eccentricity at ends = 0.

Solution:
1. Elastic Shortening: Stress due to the prestressing force at transfer
is: (σ = F/A)

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 Prestress Losses – Design Example

Solution:
1. Elastic Shortening: Stress due to the prestressing force at transfer
is: (σ = F/A)

Strain in prestressing steel =

Now: Modular ratio:

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 Prestress Losses – Design Example
Solution:
1. Elastic Shortening: Stress due to the prestressing force at transfer
is: (σ = F/A)
Now: Modular ratio:

Now: Stress loss due to elastic shortening:

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 Prestress Losses – Design Example
Solution:
1. Elastic Shortening: Stress due to the prestressing force at transfer
is: Considering the variation in the eccentricity along the beam,
Strain at end of section:

Strain at midspan =

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 Prestress Losses – Design Example
Solution:
1. Elastic Shortening: Stress due to the prestressing force at
transfer is: Considering the variation in the eccentricity along the
beam, Strain at end of section:

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 Prestress Losses – Design Example
Solution:

2. Loss due to Shrinkage:

Shrinkage strain of concrete in pre-tensioning is equal to 0.0003.

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 Prestress Losses – Design Example
Solution:
3. Loss due to Creep of Concrete: Assuming then

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 Prestress Losses – Design Example
Solution:
4. Loss due to relaxation of Steel: Generally the relaxation of steel
varies in the range of 1-5%.

For low-relaxation strands, the loss is assumed to be 2.5%.

5. Other Losses due to Bending, Friction of cable spacers, and the

end block of the pre-tensioning system are 2%:

6. Loss due to friction in tendon is 0.

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 Prestress Losses – Design Example
Solution:
Total Losses are as follows:

Elastic Shortening loss 5.3 ksi 3.6 %

Shrinkage in concrete loss 8.7 ksi 6.0 %
Creep of concrete loss 8.8 ksi 6.1 %
Relaxation of steel loss 3.6 ksi 2.5 %
Other losses 2.9 ksi 2.0 %
Total Losses 29.3 ksi 20.2 %

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 Post-tensioned Losses in Prestressed
Members

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 Prestress Losses – Design Example
Problem 01: Calculate all losses of a 120 ft-span post-tensioned
beam that has an I-section with the following details. Area of
concrete section ; moment of Inertia ; prestressing force at transfer
is ; area of prestressing steel is ; , , and ; profile of tendon is
parabolic; eccentricity at midspan = 20 in; and eccentricity at ends
= 0.
Solution:

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 Prestress Losses – Design Example
Solution:
1. Loss due to Elastic Shortening: Stress due to the prestressing
force at transfer is: (σ = F/A)

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 Prestress Losses – Design Example
Solution:
1. Loss due to Elastic Shortening: Stress due to the prestressing
force at transfer is: (σ = F/A)

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 Prestress Losses – Design Example
Solution:

2. Loss due to Shrinkage: Shrinkage strain of concrete in post-

tensioning is equal to 0.0002.

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 Prestress Losses – Design Example
Solution:
3. Loss due to Creep of Concrete: Assuming then

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 Prestress Losses – Design Example
Solution:

4. Loss due to relaxation of Steel:

5. Slip in Anchorage:

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 Prestress Losses – Design Example
Solution:
Total Losses are as follows:

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 Assignment No. 06
1. Calculate all losses of a 120 ft-span post-tensioned beam that
has an I-section with the following details. Area of concrete
section ; moment of Inertia ; prestressing force at transfer is ;
area of prestressing steel is ; , , and ; profile of tendon is
parabolic; eccentricity at midspan = 18 in; and eccentricity at
ends = 0.

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an
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