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Hormones
Hormones
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
A Little Endocrine FYI:
• Endocrinology is the study of ductless glands or
tissues and their hormonal products
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Endocrine Glands/Organs
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Endocrine Glands & Organs
• Classic Glands • Organs w/ Endocrine
– Pituitary Functions
– Thyroid – Brain
– Parathyroid – Heart
– Islets of Langerhans – Liver
– Adrenal Glands – GI Tract
– Gonads – Kidneys
– Placenta – Adipose (fat)
Chemical Messenger Classifications
• Chemical messenger is any substance
produced by a cell that plays a physiological
role in the control of the activity of a another
cell.
• Hormone is any substance elaborated by one
cell to regulate another cell and may be
delivered in an endocrine, paracrine,
autocrine or pheromonal route.
But what about all those neuro messengers?
“Neuro Is As Neuro Does”
• Neurotransmitters are released by
neurons and travel only across the
synaptic cleft/neuromuscular
junction
• Neuromodulators are released by
neurons to affect other neurons
but are not immediately taken up
or metabolized like NTs
• Neurohormones are hormones
produced by a nerve cell and
released into the blood to reach
their target cells
Control by the Nervous and Endocrine
Systems
• The nervous and endocrine systems act
together to coordinate all systems of the body.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Credit: Dr. Michael Ormsbee, Florida State University
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hormone Delivery Review
• Endocrine where the messenger is blood-
borne.
• Neuroendocrine where the hormone
released by a nerve is blood borne.
• Paracrine where the released hormone
diffuses to adjacent target cells through the
immediate extracellular space.
• Autocrine where the hormone may feedback
to the cell of origin to regulate it’s own
release.
Hormone Activity
Hormones are either:
• Lipid-soluble
– Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, nitric oxide (NO)
• Water-soluble
– Amine hormones, peptide and protein hormones, eicosanoid
hormones
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Where Do Hormones Come From?
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Physiological Role of Hormones
A.K.A. : What do hormones do?
1. Hormones affect cellular synthesis and
secretion of other hormones within other
endocrine glands and neurons.
2. Hormones affect anabolic and catabolic
processes.
3. Hormones affect contraction, relaxation, and
metabolism of muscle.
Continued
4. Hormones control reproductive processes
such as gondal differentiation, maturation, and
gametogenesis.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Mechanisms of Hormone Action
Water-soluble hormones
bind to receptors on the
exterior surface of the
target cell.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Mechanisms of Hormone Action
How a target cell responds to a hormone is
based on:
– The hormone’s concentration in the blood
– The number of hormone receptors on the target
cell
– Influences exerted by other hormones
– Some hormones work more effectively when a
second hormone is present to assist them
(synergistic effect).
– Some hormones oppose the action of others
(antagonistic effect).
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Control of Hormone Secretion
Hormones are secreted in short bursts when
needed.
Secretion is regulated by:
– Signals from the nervous system
– Chemical changes in the blood
– Other hormones
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Control of Hormone Secretion
Most hormone regulation
is achieved via negative
feedback.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Control of Hormone Secretion
A few hormones operate
via positive feedback.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.