Ultrasonic Radar using

PIC Microcontroller
 Abstraction

We come Across situations where we need to keep a watch over prohibited areas to avoid
trespassing. Now Keeping human labour for this purpose is costly & also not reliable for keeping a watch
over an area 24*7.
So for this purpose an Ultrasonic Radar project for unauthorized human/animal or object
detection system. The system can monitor an area of limited range an alerts authorities with a buzzer as
alarm. For this purpose use a microcontroller circuit that is connected to an ultrasonic sensor mounted on a
servo motor for monitoring. We also interface a buzzer an LCD screen for monitoring and detection status.
As soon as an object is detected the data of detection in processed and send to authorities
with an alert of where exactly the object was detected. The ultrasonic radar proves to be a very useful
system for 24*7 monitoring of particular area.
INTRODUCTION:
Radar is an object detection system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify
the range, altitude, direction, or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as aircraft,
ships, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain and when instead of
electromagnetic waves, we use ultrasonic waves, it is called an ultrasonic radar.
The main components in any Ultrasonic radar are the Ultrasonic Sensors. Ultrasonic
sensors work on a principle similar to radar or sonar which evaluates attributes of a target
by interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves respectively. Ultrasonic sensors
generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is received back by
sensor. Sensors calculate the time interval between sending the signal and receiving the
echo to determine the distance to an object. This technology can be used for measuring:
wind speed and direction (anemometer), fullness of a tank and speed through air or
water. Further applications include: humidifiers, sonar, medical ultra pornography, burglar
alarms and non-destructive testing. Systems typically use a transducer chosen as the
controller with 12MHz clock. It performs the operation of giving the switching signal, computing
the distance, converting the hex value to decimal and then to ASCII to be displayed in the LCD.
Gain Amplifier
A
s the 40 kHz sine wave cannot
be passed through the analog switch 4066, a gain amplifier
with level shifter is required. Both are integrated and built
using μA741 op
amp
Hardware Specifications:
• PIC Microcontroller
• Diodes
• LCD
• Ultrasonic module
• Servo Motor
• Transformer
• LED
• Transistor
• Crystal

Software Specifications:
• MPLAB
• MC Programming Language: C
Block diagram:
Components List with Detail of the Pic Based Ultrasonic Radar
System:-

Transformer:
In this pic based ultrasonic radar system, the transformer is used for
connected this system directly to 220V ac. It steps down the 220V ac into 12V ac. It
consists of two windings and works on the principle of mutual induction.
Bridge Rectifier:
In this pic based ultrasonic radar system, the bridge rectifier is used for
converting the ac voltages into dc voltages and it is connected at the output of transformer.
Blocking Diode:
In this system, the transformer and bridge rectifier both are very essential
components of this system. For saving these components the blocking diode is used in this
system for blocking the reverse polarity current.
Voltage Regulator:
In this pic based ultrasonic radar system, the voltage regulator is used for the
regulating the dc voltages. It regulates the 12V dc to 5V dc for supplying the power to the
all components of this system.
LCD Display:
In this pic based ultrasonic radar system, the LCD display is used for displaying the
unidentified person or object in that prohibited area. This displays the person or object
with their respective angle and distance. It is powered up with 5V dc and is interfaced with
microcontroller.
Microcontroller Pic 18F452:
In this pic based ultrasonic radar system, the pic microcontroller is basically used
for the intelligent control of this system. It is 40 pins microcontroller and is programmed in
c language with the help of mikro/c software. In this system, it is interfaced with ultrasonic
module, servo motor, LCD display and buzzer. It is powered up with 5V dc through voltage
regulator.

Ultrasonic Module:
In this pic based ultrasonic radar system, the ultrasonic module is used for
sending or receiving the intimation about unidentified person or object. This module
consists of two ultrasonic sensors one is called ultrasonic transmitter and second one is
called ultrasonic receiver. The ultrasonic transmitter sends the high frequency sound pulse
and this pulse is received by the ultrasonic receiver when it is reflected after the collision of
that object or person. It is powered up with 5V dc and it sends the sound pulse with the
speed of approximately 341m/s in air.
HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Module Working :-

• Provide TRIGGER signal, atleast 10μS High Level (5V) pulse.

•The module will automatically transmit eight 40KHz ultrasonic burst.

•If there is an obstacle in-front of the module, it will reflect the ultrasonic
burst.

•If the signal is back, ECHO output of the sensor will be in HIGH state (5V) for
a duration of time taken for sending and receiving ultrasonic burst. Pulse
width ranges from about 150μS to 25mS and if no obstacle is detected, the
echo pulse width will be about 38ms.
Servo Motor:
In this pic based ultrasonic radar system, the ultrasonic module is mounted at
servo motor therefore this motor is used for rotating the ultrasonic module. It rotates the
ultrasonic module between 0 degree to 180 degrees. It is powered up with 5 or 6V PWM
and is interfaced with microcontroller.
Buzzer:
In this pic based ultrasonic radar system, the buzzer is used of giving the beep
intimation sound to the operated person. It is also interfaced with microcontroller.
•Interfacing with PIC Microcontroller Circuit Diagram
•Interfacing HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Distance Sensor with PIC Microcontroller PIC 16F877A
is the heart of this circuit. VDD and VSS of PIC Microcontroller is connected to +5V and
GND respectively which will provide necessary power for its operation.

•A 8MHz crystal is connected to OSC1 and OSC2 pins of PIC, to provide clock for its
operation. 22pF capacitors connected along with the crystal will stabilize the
oscillations generated by the crystal. 16×2 LCD is connected to PORTD which is
interfaced using 4 bit mode communication. 10KΩ preset is used to adjust the contrast
of the LCD.

•A 100Ω resistor is used to limit current through the LCD back-light LED.

•TRIGGER pin of HC-SR04 sensor is connected to RB0 (pin 33) of PIC which is to be
configured as an Output PIN (TRIS bit is 0) and ECHO pin is connected to RB4 (pin 37)
which is to be configured as an Input PIN