4 step modeling

The traditional four step process:

1. Trip generation
forecasts the number of trips that will be made

2. Trip distribution
determines where the trips go

3. Modal split
predicts which mode of transportation will be use to make
trip

4. Trip assignment
predicts the routes that the trips will take
 Trip generation factors:
 Households characteristics
House hold size
Vehicle ownership
 Zone characteristics
Land use style
Services/ facility provided
 Trip generation model

Growth factor modeling Determine the growth rate

Determine R 2
Regression analysis

The trip behavior is determined

Category analysis for each of the categories,
assuming to be stable over time.
 Trip distribution factors:
 Employment opportunities
 Distance of zone from core city or location
of various facilities ( commercial,industrial,
social, recreational, etc)
 Accessibility (Extend and Quality of
transport services to the zone)
 Trip distribution model

Growth factor modeling Determine the growth factor

Gravity model Determine the impedance factor

Modal split

The distribution of trips over the various

transport modes is called the modal split.
Factors that influence transport mode choice
Socioeconomic Characteristics of Trip Maker
- Car Availability and/or ownership
- Possession of driving license
- Household Structure
- Income
- Residential Density
Characteristics of Journey
- Trip purpose
- Time of day of travel
Characteristics of Transport System
- Travel time
- Waiting Time
- Travel cost
- Comfort & Convenience
- Reliability & regularity
- Protection & Security
 Modal split model
The model which are used after
Trip end model split models trip generation considering only
personal characteristics.

The model which follow the trip

Trip interchange distribution model to include the
modal split models characteristics of journey
 Trip assignment model

All-or-nothing assignment
Minimum impedance route
model

Multiple route Distribution in available routes

assignement model
if the traffic volume on a road is
Capacity restraint increased beyond the capacity, its
assignment model resistance to flow is also increased.

Capacity restraint In this model we also consider the

capacity of each link instead of only
assignment model distance.
 References
• Lecture notes of Er.Ramesh Bala ,Khwopa College of
Engineering
• DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON TRAFFIC
IMPROVEMENT IN KATHMANDU VALLEY, OCTOBER
2012,JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
(JICA) NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD. EIGHT-JAPAN
ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS INC.
Example: 4 step Model

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