BINARY NUMBERS

BINARY NUMBERS
A binary number is a number expressed in the base-
2 numeral system or binary numeral system, a
method of mathematical expression which uses only
two symbols: typically, "0" (zero) and "1" (one).
A logic gate is a device
that acts as a building
block for digital circuits.
They perform basic
logical functions that are
fundamental to digital
circuits. Logic gates are used to
carry out logical
operations on single or
multiple binary inputs and
give one binary output.
 BUFFER GATE
The Buffer Gate is a logic block that
takes any input and compares the value
to 0. If the input signal is zero, the output
will be zero.
 BUFFER GATE
IN OUT a OUT
a a
0 0
1 1
 IN OUT
a a’
NOT GATE

A NOT gate is a logic gate that inverts the digital input

signal. For this reason, a NOT gate is sometimes is referred
to as an inverter (not to be confused with a power inverter).
A NOT gate always has high (logical 1) output when its
input is low (logical 0).
 NOT GATE
IN OUT a OUT
a a’
0 1
1 0
 IN
a OUT
b ab
AND GATE
The AND gate is a basic digital logic gate that
implements logical conjunction (∧) from mathematical
logic – AND gate behaves according to the truth table. A
HIGH output (1) results only if all the inputs to the AND
gate are HIGH (1). If not all inputs to the AND gate are
HIGH, LOW output results.
 AND GATE
IN a b ab
a OUT 0 0 0
b ab 1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1
 IN OUT
a
b
a+b OR GATE
The OR gate is a digital logic gate that implements
logical disjunction. The OR gate returns true if either or
both of its inputs are true; otherwise it returns false. The
input and output states are normally represented by
different voltage levels.
OR GATE
a b a+b
0 0 0
IN OUT
a 1 0 1
a+b 0 1 1
b
1 1 1
 a b ab
AND
IN
GATE 0 0 0
1 0 0
a OUT 0 1 0
b ab 1 1 1

a
0
b
0
(ab)’
1
NAND GATE
1 0 1
IN
a OUT
0 1 1
1 1 0
b (ab)’
 IN OUT
a b a+b
a 0 0 0
a+b
b 1 0 1

OR GATE 0
1
1
1
1
1
a b (a+b)’
0 0 1 IN OUT
a
1 0 0 (a+b)’
0 1 0
b
1 1 0 NOR GATE
Important Ideas
•The XOR output is asserted whenever an odd number of
inputs are asserted, and the XNOR is asserted whenever an
even number of inputs are asserted: the XOR is an odd
detector, and the XNOR, an even detector.
•Any odd number of input inversion changes the function
output between the XOR and XNOR functions; any even
number of input signal inversions does not change function
outputs; any three input signal inversions changes the
function output
•Xor gate can be used as a “controlled inverter”.