Comparative education

Education system of
France and japan
Robert B. Umandal
EdD Student Norma Q. Dimaunahan
Professor
 JAPAN
Lesson Outline
EDUCATION SYSTEM
I. Introduction
II. Outline of Japanese School Education
III.Administration and Finance
IV. Organization and Curriculum Implementation
V. Classroom Management and Guidance
VI. School Management
VII.Teacher’s Qualifications and Training
VIII.Best Features
IX. Challenges
The School System In Introduction
Japan
 The French educational system is highly centralized, organized, and ramified.
It is divided into three different stages:
• Primary education
• Secondary education
• Higher education
 The French school system was founded on general principles that were
inspired by the 1789 revolution, and were added to and have taken shape
with a set of legislative texts from the 19th century to the present day.
 The French education system is characterized by a strong central State
presence in the organization and funding of Education.
The School System In Introduction
Japan
 EDUCATION

structure Pre-primary educati

 EDUCATION

structure Pre-primary educati

• Nursery school teachers have the same training and qualification as primary
school teachers and can teach in all primary education grades.
• Virtually all French children are scolarise’ before starting primary schools.
• Often, well-balanced meals and snacks are served with the guidance of a
nutritionist.
• Teaching is typically organized into five key areas:
Language and expression
Physical activities
Artistic activities
Structuring thought
Exploring the world
 EDUCATION

structure Primary
education
• Primary school is compulsory for all students, French and foreign alike, starting
at age six.
• Primary education lasts for five years and caters for the 6-10 age group.
• Aims to teach children some degree of autonomy and the basics about
citizenship.
• It is in the first year that they learn how to write and develop their reading
skills.
• French primary school students usually have a single teacher (or perhaps two)
who teaches the complete curriculum, such as French, mathematics, science and
humanities.
• Grade repetition is common with pupils from underprivileged groups.
 EDUCATION

structure Primary
education
• Core Subjects are Foreign Languages, Activities for Discovering the
World, Artistic Practices (visual arts and musical education), The
History of Art, Physical Education and, in some schools, A Regional
Language.
• Primary Education is divided into two cycle:
Basic Skills Cycle - Prioritize in learning the French Language and
Mathematics.
Development Stage- New disciplines are introduced in addition to the
core subjects, History, Geography, Experimental Science and
Technology.
 EDUCATION

structure secondary
LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL: LE COLLÈGE
 Pupils were onlyeducation
tested on French,
mathematics and history/geography for the
exam.
 The curriculum of study at this level
included humanities, languages and science.

 Subjects: French, mathematics, history and geography, civic

education, life and earth sciences, technology, art, musical education,
physical education, physics and chemistry, two modern languages as
well as the cross curricular teaching of the history of art.
 EDUCATION

structure secondary
UPPER SECONDARY SCHOOL: LE


education
LYCÉE
Pupils attend the lycée at the end of
3ème and can take one of three
routes:
1. General Routes- Prepares students to
enter higher educational institutions.
2. Technological Routes- Short-term studies in
differing technology fields.
3. Vocational Routes- Vocational qualification leading directly to
a particular career.
 EDUCATION

structure secondary
UPPER SECONDARY SCHOOL: LE
GENERAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL education
LYCÉE
ROUTES
 Pupils choose two compulsory exploratory disciplines, one of which
is in the field of economics. The second exploratory subject is to be
chosen from a list which includes:
scientific and technological courses;
literary courses;
artistic courses
 At the end of the last year, pupils sit the baccalauréat exam – the first
higher education diploma – which entitles the holder to enter the first
year of university study.
 EDUCATION

structure secondary
UPPER SECONDARY SCHOOL: LE
THE VOCATIONAL ROUTE
education
LYCÉE
 The vocational route allows pupils to gain vocational skills as well as
knowledge and know-how in a given field.
 Part of provision is delivered in the work place. Skills gained during
these periods, defined by the framework for each diploma, are
assessed through an exam.
 At the end of final year of upper secondary, pupils sit the vocational
baccalaureate, a national exam that, like other baccalaureates, gives
a level IV end of secondary schooling certificate
 EDUCATION

structure higher education

 Higher education entails all studies after the baccalaure’at.
 France has very old universities dating back between 1208 and 1210
A.D.
 Higher education is funded by the state and fees are very low.
 Students from low-income families can also apply for scholarships.
 Academic councils called academies are responsible for supervising
all aspects of University education in a given region.
 EDUCATION

structure higher education

UNIVERSITY LEVEL STUDIES
 University level first stage: The first cycle of university courses passed from 2
to 3 years after the implementation of the Bologna Degree structure.
 University level second stage: The second cycle in the post-Bologna system
leads to the Master Recherche or to the Master Professionnel.
 University level third stage: In the pre Bologna system, the third cycle was
devoted to specialization and training for research.
 University level fourth stage: The Doctorate may be followed by a post-
doctoral degree, the Habilitation a Diriger les Recherches, which constitutes
the highest national award and is offered to academics who display the ability
to carry out high level scientific research and to supervise thesis.
 EDUCATION

structure special education

 There are structures that respond to these students' needs,
which work to integrate them into, mainstream schools.
 Special education takes place in state schools.
 Primary education may be in special classes within ordinary
schools or in special institutions Children with special needs.
 Secondary education in special secondary schools where they
receive vocational training.
 There is a policy of integration and early diagnoses of some
problems.
French Grading System
 The French grading system is on a scale from
0-20. To pass a subject you usually have to get
10 points.
 A student is considered to have passed if at the
end of each academic year the average of his/her
grades is at least 10.
 Subsidiary Disciplines
Failed: minimum criteria has not been reached
Passed: minimum criteria has been reached
 Some honors awarded to the top students:
 ADMINISTRA Central leve
TION
 At central level, the French education system is regulated by the
Department for National Education, Higher Education and Research
.
 The State plays a major role in governance, as, by long tradition, the
French education system is centralized.
 A Lector who is appointed by the president of the republic heads
each academy.
 He is chosen from among the professors and has total control of an
academy from nursery school to the university.
 He over sees both the state and private educational institutions.
 ADMINISTRA central leve

TION
Organization of Education’s Central Administration
The Education and Higher Education Mediator  Inspection Bodies
 The Senior Civil Servant for Defense and Security • General Education
 The Internet use Delegation Inspectorate
 The General Secretariat • General Education and
the human resources general directorate; Research Administration
the financial affairs directorate; Inspectorate
the legal affairs directorate; • General Library Inspectorate
the assessment, planning and performance directorate;
the European, international relations and cooperation directorate;
the communications directorate;
the administrative and modernization unit;
the technology and information systems unit.
 ADMINISTRA school level
TIONSchool Administration and Governance
 The governance and daily management of each school, at all levels of education, is
done by management personnel, working in cooperation with consultative
organizations.
 In everyday management of nursery and elementary schools, three important roles
need to be mentioned:
that of school head, who is appointed from the teaching staff and ensures
compliance with regulations and proper teaching procedures in the school;
that of the Conseil d'école (School Council) , consisting of the school’s
teachers, elected parent representatives, the mayor of the commune or municipal
councilor in charge of school affairs.
that of inspecteur de l'Éducation nationale (IEN - school inspector): in charge
of the district, he or she ensures good administrative operation and application of
national education directives.
 ADMINISTRA school level
TION Personnel and Governance Bodies
A certain number of personnel and administrative and educational bodies participate in
schools' day-to-day management. Besides the school head, the school is managed by:
 the deputy principal in collèges and the deputy head in lycées
 the education advisor or principal education advisor
 the librarian
 the guidance counsellor
 the social worker
 the education assistant
 the school bursar
 the school administration advisor
 a nurse
 other administrative
 teaching bodies
 EDUCATION
FINANCING
• Education is financed by the state.
• In France, several actors participate in the financing of education: the State, local
authorities, families and companies.
• In 2019, total domestic expenditure on education was 161 billion euros, or 6.6%
of national wealth
• Much of the expenditure goes to teachers' salaries. In universities there is no fee
paid by the students.
• Universities and institutes of technology consume much of the resources due to
their heavy operational costs and the large teaching staff.
• The Ministry of education provides grants and only those disadvantaged in
secondary are eligible for the grants.
CURRICULUM
DEVELOPMENT
 There are strict stipulations concerning the number of
hours to be devoted annually to programs at primary
and secondary levels.
 The national programs committee composed of
outside experts appointed by the minister draws up
the programs.
 School textbooks and teaching materials are produced by private enterprises and there is no
control and approval.
 Inspectors verify the covering of the programs, and all subjects are examined in the baccalaureate.
 Promotion to the next grade is not automatic. Teachers decide who is to move on to the next
grade.
 PrivateEDUCATION
• In France private education was recognized in several stages starting in the mid-19th
Century.
• Private education for primary school was organized by the Act of 30 October 1986,
secondary education by the Act of 15 March 1850 (Falloux Act), higher education by
the Act of 12 July 1875 and technical education by the Act of 25 July 1919.
• Private schools are connected to the State through various types of contracts.
• In order for the more popular partnership contract to be granted, private schools must
meet the following requirements:
• it must meet a recognized educational need;
• its facilities must be adequate;
• it must have a faculty-student ratio that corresponds to the public;
• it must hire teachers with the same qualifications and degrees required of public
school teachers.
 Teachers and education qualification
staff
 Public sector teachers at all levels of education (from pre-primary to higher
education) belong to the state civil service: they are called "civil servant" or
"tenured" teachers.
 After the "baccalauréat", students intending to become school teachers follow a
bachelor's degree in their discipline and then they take a master's program
specialized in teaching, education and training (MEEF).
 To be recruited, primary and secondary school teachers, like education staff, must
currently sit and pass a competitive examination at the end of the first year of the
MEEF master's degree.
 Each competitive examination corresponds to a different level of teaching and/or
service conditions. Successful completion of the competition guarantees access to the
corresponding teaching post.
 A minority of teachers do not hold a competitive examination; they are known as
'contractual' teachers.
 Teachers and education salary
staff
 Annual gross salaries of full time fully qualified teachers in public schools
 Teachers and education Working
staff
 The work of primary education teachers is set by the decree no. 2008-775 of July 30th, 2008 and is organized
into 24 hours weekly teaching all students and 108 annual hours, provided under the responsibility of the
Inspector in charge of the constituency to which the teachers concerned are posted.
 The 108 annual service hours break down as follows:
Time
36 hours devoted to complementary pedagogical activities
48 hours devoted to work in teaching teams,
18 hours devoted to in-service training,
6 hours of participation in compulsory school councils.
 For Secondary Education Teachers
15 hours for agrégés teachers;
17 for Sports and Physical Education agrégés teachers;
18 hours for certified teachers for general and vocational education and teaching assistants;
20 hours for Sports and Physical Education certified teachers and Sports and Physical Education
teaching assistants;
21 hours for teaching staff working with students with special education needs.
In secondary education, one hour of class time is 55 minutes
 Best features
 One of the main attractions of the French system is its unique approach to
education, which emphasizes critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
 French education system strongly emphasizes language learning, making it
an excellent choice for expatriate families.
 The French education system is highly centralized.
 The administration of examinations is centralized. All examinations are state
examinations.
 The French Curriculum Incorporates Traditional and Modern Approaches
 The French Curriculum is Designed for a Diverse Student Body
 French Education has strong emphasis on mathematics, reading, writing and
science,
 CHALLENGE French education
S
 There is need for better trained teaching personnel
 The system has to deal with the growing cultural differences
within the schools and student population
 The system has to streamline the pupils in the Iycees and
colleges with a democratic education.
 The system needs to reduce the discrepancies in order to
balance the education between whole generations and
individual personality.
 There is the problem of shifting of financial implications from
the state to the local communities.
 conclusion
French education teaches students the importance of self-motivation and
responsibility. Through this, students learn to take ownership of their education,
developing the skills and abilities necessary to become successful in their future
careers.
French education system has a unique approach to education, focusing on
bilingualism, critical thinking, high academic standards, and cultural immersion
opportunities; the French system offers an exceptional educational experience for
children of all ages. Combining a rigorous academic curriculum with diverse
cultural and extracurricular activities, French schools also provide enrichment
programs to enhance the learning experience.
 Group
Assignment
In groups of four, you will use the lateral reading method to evaluate an
assigned webpage.

As a group, you will determine if the webpage is a credible source of

information by assessing at least six additional sources.

You will then present your findings to the class.

 References
https://www.ejable.com/japan-corner/education-in-japan/japanese-educational-system/
https://www.france-education-international.fr/en/article/le-systeme-educatif-francais?langue=
en
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