Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Antibiotic Production by Rhizobacteria
Antibiotic Production by Rhizobacteria
surrounding and under the influence of plant roots, and the rhizoplane is the plant root surfaces and strongly adhering soil particles ( Kennedy,2005) Rhizobacteria : Rhizobacteria are rhizospher competent bacteria that aggressively colonize plant roots ; they are able to multiply and colonize all the ecological niches found on the root at all stages of plant growth , in the presense of a competing microflora ( Antoun and Kloepper , 2001)
3
Neutral bacteria
Pathogenic bacteria
Beneficial bacteria ( PGPR )
Suslow, Kloepper, Schroth, Burr, 1979.
PGPR (Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria) A group of bacteria that can actively colonize plant
roots and improve plant grows and yield by direct and indirect mechanisms (Noel et al.,1996)
(A) Soybean plant infected with Bradyrhizobium japonicim left, uninfected control plant (right).
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
(MS medium)
Effective Two strain of PGPR icluding B.subtilis GB03 , B.amyloliquefaciens IN937a & the nongrowth-promotin strain E.coli DH5 on growth of A.thaliana.
6
DH5
These mechanisms Plays a vital role in the management of plant diseases to increase crop productivity via various mechanisms.
N2 - fixation
Phosphate solublization
Direct
Siderophore
Phytohormones
Siderophore
Indirect
Antibiotic & Antifungal
Using growth medium with Tricalcium phosphate (NBRIP). Bacterial mechanisms: phosphatase enzymes or production of acids
Figure 5
Figure 6
Solubilization of P
No solubilization
9
Figure 7 Siderophore
10
group of organic,low-molecular weight compounds produced by microorganisms at low concentrations that are deleterious to the growth of metabolic activities of other microorganisms (Fravel,1988;Thomashow et al.,1997). Antibiotics produced by different PGPR have a broad-spectrum activity.
12
Detailes
Gram-negative bacilli Gram-negative bacilli
Gram-positive , rods during exponential growth and cocci in their stationary phase.
Frankia
Pseudomonas Rhizobium Serratia Thiobacillus
Figure 9
PGPR
Antibiotic
structure
Fungus
Gaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici
Disease
Strains of P.fluorescens may be involved in the suppression of G.graminis var. tritici. In pythium contaminated sites, and signficant increases were observed in plant height,number of heads and grain yield of winter wheat.
Reference
Raaijmakers & Weller , 2000
P.fluorescens
Phenazines
P.fluorescens
Pyoluteorin
Pythium sp.
P.fluorescens
2,4-Diacetyl phloroglucinol
Rhizoctonia solani
Kumar et al.,2002
14
employ to prevent proliferation of phytopathogens is the systhesis of antibiotic. some well know PGPR strains are pseudomonas,Bacillus, Azospirillum,Rhizobium,and serratia species.the primary mechanism of biocontrol by PGPR involves the production of antibiotics such as phenazine-1-carboxyclic acid, 2,4-diacetyl phloroglucinol, oomycin, pyoluteorin, pyrrolnitrin, kanosamine, zwittermycin-A, and pantocin.
15
Antibiotics
DAPG Aerugine Phenazine PCA Pyrrolnitrin Viscosinam ide Pyoluteorin
PGPR
Pseudomonas sp. P,fluorescens Pseudomonas sp. P.fluorescens Burkholderia cepacia P.Fluorescens P.fluorescens
Pathogen
Pythium ultimum Phytophthor C.orbiculare Fusarium oxysporwn
G.g.Var.tritici
Crop
sugar Pepper Cucumber tomato Wheat Potato Sugar beet Cotton Sugarbeet
Reference
Shanahan et al.(1992b)
Lee et al.(2003) Lee et at.(2003)
Chin-A-Woeng et al.(1998) Thomashow and Weller(1988) Burkhead et al.(1994) Nielsen et al.(1998) Howell and Stipanovic(1980)
16
Fusarium sambucinum
Rhizoctonia Solani Pythium ultimum
transport system.
Refrence : R. K. TRIPATHI AND DAVID GOTTLIEB , July 1969, Mechanism of Action of the Antifungal Antibiotic Pyrrolnitrin
17
18
19
nutrient status of the host plant through their ongoing existence in associantion with the plant.( J. Kevin Vessey, 2003)
20
Puts acid in the soil Strengthens pestecides(they become stronger and more resistant to
chemicals that should keep them away) It has very little carbon which is a key element in plants Chemical fertilizer also get a lot of water out of the soil which it contaminated and therfor pollute water It degrades ecosytems It releases a green house gas called nitrous oxide
21
factors of soil Coping with Nature Reduce costs chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. Improve soil structure
22
23
Bacterial biofertilizer (Azospirillum , ) Fungi biofertilizer ( Mycorhiza,) Algae biofertilizer ( blue-green algae,.) Actinomycets (frankia,)
24
Pseudomonas fluorescence bacteria effectively control wilts and root rot diseases of
Groundnut, Cotton, Banana, Soybean, Tomato, Pigeon pea etc., It also controls the rice blast and sheath blight of Paddy. This bacterium enters the plant system and act as a systemic biocontrol agent against diseases.
Suitable for: It is suitable for all kinds of Crops. Mode of action: By secreting an enzyme, it has the capability to destroy the cell wall of the fungal
25
Bacillus subtilis is an antagonistic bacterial Biocontrol agent, which controls many soil
and air borne diseases of Paddy, Groundnut, Cotton, Vegetables, Soybean etc., Foliar application of Bacillus subtilis with Pseudomonas fluorescence control leaf diseases of many crops.
Suitable for: Paddy, Millets, Oilseeds, Fruits & Vegetables, Sugarcane, Banana, Coconut,
Oil palm, Cotton, Chilly, Lime, Coffee & Tea, Areca nut & Rubber, Flower, Spices, & Contiments, Herbs, Lawns & Ornaments, trees etc.
Mode of action: The bacterium colonizes the developing leaf & root system of the plant and thus
26
27
PGPR are indigenouse to soil and plant rhizosphere that improve plant growth and yeild. one of the important applications of PGPR to use in biological combating with pathogenic agents . Some of important PGPR Rhizobacteria is Pseudomonas , Bacillus , Rhizobium , Azospirilium and Important Antibiotic produced by PGPR include Pyrrolnitrin , Phenanzine , 2,4Diacetyl phloroglucinol , oomycin and That PGPR have important role in biocontrol of plant pathogens and are used in biofertilizers.
28
29