METEOROLOGY AND

OCEANOGRAPHY

Prepared by :
2/O Mendoza, Cesar Jr. A.
1. COURSE DESCRIPTION

The course Meteorology and Oceanography enables a prospective marine deck

officer to plan and conduct a safe passage that considers the forecasted and
observed weather conditions. It delves into the weather elements and systems
from mesoscale to synoptic scale. It includes topic that are essential to the
achievement of safe navigation at sea such as the atmosphere, atmospheric
pressure, wind, visibility, ocean’s wind and pressure system, structures of
depressions, anti-cyclones, weather services for shipping, and
recording/reporting weather observations, and the application of
meteorological information.
1. DEFINITION

Meteorology Oceanography

The branch of science The branch of science that

concerned with the processes and deals with the physical and
phenomena of the atmosphere, biological properties and
especially as a means of phenomena of the sea.
forecasting the weather.
2. COURSE OUTCOME 1

Describe the characteristics of weather systems and their effect to navigation

TOPIC 1

 Course Introduction and the Atmosphere

 Relevance and importance of meteorology and oceanography in navigation

 Climate and Weather

 Atmosphere
2. IMPORTANCE

The meteorological and

oceanographic parameters
are crucial for passage
planning, in order to reduce
time travel, fuel consumption
and risk of damage or
vessel’s accident.
2. DIFFERENCE OF CLIMATE & WEATHER
CLIMATE
Describes the average conditions
expected at a specific place at a given time. A
region's climate is generated by the climate
system, which has five components:
atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, land
surface, and biosphere.
WEATHER
Describes the atmospheric
conditions at a specific place at a specific
point in time. Weather generally refers to
day-to-day temperature and precipitation
activity
2. COMPONENTS OF CLIMATE & WEATHER
CLIMATE
Climate may include
precipitation, temperature, humidity,
sunshine, wind velocity, phenomena
such as fog, frost, and hail storms over a
long period of time.
WEATHER
Weather includes sunshine,
rain, cloud cover, winds, hail, snow, sleet,
freezing rain, flooding, blizzards, ice
storms, thunderstorms, steady rains from
a cold front or warm front, excessive
heat, heat waves and more
2. ELEMENTS OF WEATHER

TEMPERATURE

Temperature is a measurement of the amount of

kinetic energy present in the air, which manifests
itself physically through the experience of heat or
cold.
The scales typically used to measure temperature
are Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin. The instrument
used to measure temperature is called a
thermometer.
2. ELEMENTS OF WEATHER

Air (Atmospheric) Pressure

Air Pressure is the result of the pressure

created by the weight of the air in the Earth's
atmosphere.
It is also called barometric pressure, named
after the instrument used to measure air
pressure.
2. ELEMENTS OF WEATHER

Wind

Wind is the large-scale movement of air from

an area of high to an area of low pressure in
the atmosphere.
The speed and strength of wind are
determined by the distance between the low-
pressure and high-pressure areas, as well as
the difference in air pressure.
2. ELEMENTS OF WEATHER

Humidity

Humidity is the amount of water vapor that is

present in the atmosphere at any specific time.

Water vapor is nothing more than water in a state

of gas (after the liquid has evaporated). Although
humidity and its effects can usually be felt, it is
normally invisible to the naked eye.
2. ELEMENTS OF WEATHER

Clouds

Clouds are water droplets or water in different

states (like ice and snow crystals), which
formed after water vapor reached
condensation level and could no longer remain
in gaseous form.
2. ELEMENTS OF WEATHER

Precipitation

Precipitation is water in its different states,

which form after condensation turned water
vapor into its liquid or solid form, which falls
to the ground after it becomes too heavy to
stay suspended in the air.
Precipitation can take the form of rain, snow,
hail, or graupel.
2. ELEMENTS OF WEATHER

Visibility

Visibility is the measurement of the degree

through which an object can be observed over
a certain distance.
This measurement is crucial when conditions
like mist, haze, fog, and freezing drizzle are
present, which can severely impede visibility.
2. TYPICAL METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS

THERMOMETER for
measuring air and sea
surface temperature
(oC,oF,K)

HYGROMETER for
measuring humidity
(%,oC,oF)

BAROMETER for measuring

atmospheric pressure (mb)
2. TYPICAL METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS
ANEMOMETER for
measuring wind speed
(mph, knots)
RAIN GAUGE for measuring
liquid precipitation over a
set period of time. (inch,cm)
WIND SOCK for measuring
general wind speed and
wind direction (N,E,W,S)
WIND VANE, also called a
weather vane or a
weathercock: it shows
which way the wind is
blowing. (N,E,W,S)
2. EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE
2. LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
2. LAYERS OF THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

Exosphere Thermosphere

The exosphere is the uppermost region of This layer is known as the upper

Earth's atmosphere as it gradually fades into atmosphere. While still extremely thin, the

the vacuum of space. The air in the gases of the thermosphere become

exosphere is extremely thin - in many ways it increasingly denser as one descends toward

is almost the same as the airless void of the earth.

outer space
2. LAYERS OF THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

Mesosphere Stratosphere

The gases, including the oxygen molecules, This layer is known as the upper

continue to become denser as one descends. atmosphere. While still extremely thin, the

As such, temperatures increase as one gases of the thermosphere become

descends rising to about 5°F (-15°C) near the increasingly denser as one descends toward

bottom of this layer. the earth.

2. LAYERS OF THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

Troposphere
Known as the lower atmosphere almost all weather
occurs in this region. The troposphere begins at the
Earth's surface and extends from 4 to 12 miles (6 to 20
km) high.
As the density of the gases in this layer decrease with
height, the air becomes thinner
2. SOLAR RADIATION

Radiation is defined as the

emission of electromagnetic
waves or subatomic particles.
The term "solar radiation"
typically refers to the
electromagnetic waves that the
sun emits, including infrared
light, visible light, and
ultraviolet light.
 Effects of Solar Radiation to
Weather and Climatic Conditions

Variations in solar radiation can have a significant impact on weather and

climate conditions. Changes in the amount of solar radiation received by the
Earth can affect temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns. For example,
increased solar radiation can lead to higher temperatures and increased
evaporation, which can lead to more severe droughts. On the other hand,
decreased solar radiation can lead to cooler temperatures and increased
precipitation, which can lead to more severe floods. These changes in solar
radiation can also affect the formation of clouds and atmospheric circulation
patterns, which can further impact weather and climate conditions. Overall,
variations in solar radiation play a crucial role in shaping the Earth's weather
and climate.
Solar Radiation and its Effect on the Isolation of a Variation

Solar radiation, also known as solar energy, is the energy emitted by the
sun in the form of electromagnetic waves. This energy is a major driver of
the Earth's weather and climate, as it is responsible for heating the Earth's
surface and atmosphere.
The amount of solar radiation that reaches the Earth's surface can vary
due to a number of factors, including changes in the Earth's orbit, the tilt
of its axis, and the amount of solar activity. These variations in solar
radiation can lead to changes in the Earth's climate, known as climate
variability.
Solar Radiation and its Effect on the Isolation of a Variation

One of the most important ways in which solar radiation affects

climate variability is through its impact on the Earth's energy
balance. The Earth's climate is determined by the balance between
the energy received from the sun and the energy radiated back to
space. When the amount of solar radiation received by the Earth
changes, it can cause changes in the Earth's temperature,
precipitation, and other climate variables.
Solar Radiation and its Effect on the Isolation of a Variation

Solar radiation also plays a key role in the Earth's isolation. Isolation is the
ability of a surface to retain heat energy. Solar radiation is responsible for
heating the Earth's surface and atmosphere, and it is the primary source of
energy for atmospheric processes such as evaporation, precipitation, and the
formation of clouds. Variations in solar radiation can affect the amount of
heat that is retained by the Earth's surface and atmosphere, leading to
changes in the Earth's temperature and precipitation patterns.
In summary, solar radiation is a major driver of the Earth's weather and
climate, and variations in solar radiation can lead to significant changes in the
Earth's climate, including variations in isolation.
Conversion units of Temperature

There are several different units of measurement used to express

temperature, including Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), and Kelvin (K).
Here are some conversions between them:
 To convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit:
°F = (9/5) * °C + 32
 To convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius:
°C = (5/9) * (°F - 32)
 To convert from Celsius to Kelvin:
K = °C + 273.15
 To convert from Kelvin to Celsius:
°C = K - 273.15
 To convert from Fahrenheit to Kelvin:
K = (5/9) * (°F - 32) + 273.15
 To convert from Kelvin to Fahrenheit:
°F = (9/5) * (K - 273.15) + 32
 Effects of Solar Radiation to
Atmospheric Pressure

Solar radiation can have a warming effect on the atmosphere, which can
lead to an increase in atmospheric pressure. This occurs because as the
air warms, it expands and takes up more space, leading to a rise in
pressure. Additionally, the sun's radiation can drive atmospheric
circulation patterns, such as the formation of high and low pressure
systems, which can also affect atmospheric pressure.
 NORMAL ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AT SEA

At sea level, the normal atmospheric pressure is approximately 1013

millibars (mb) or 1013 hectopascals (hPa). This pressure is also referred
to as "standard sea level pressure" or "mean sea level pressure." It is
created by the weight of the Earth's atmosphere pressing down on the
surface. The weight of the atmosphere is caused by the gravitational
pull of the Earth and the number of air molecules present in the
atmosphere. This pressure is important for weather forecasting and the
operation of certain types of equipment.
 CONVERTION UNITS OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

There are several ways to convert units of atmospheric pressure, depending on the
specific units you are working with.
 To convert millibars (mb) to hectopascals (hPa), simply multiply the value in
millibars by 10. For example, 1013 mb is equal to 10130 hPa.
 To convert millibars to pounds per square inch (psi), divide the value in millibars
by 68.9476. For example, 1013 mb is equal to 14.696 psi.
 To convert hectopascals to pounds per square inch (psi), divide the value in
hectopascals by 51.7149. For example, 1013 hPa is equal to 19.696 psi
 To convert atmospheres (atm) to millibars (mb), multiply the value in
atmospheres by 1013.25. For example, 1 atm is equal to 1013.25 mb
It's important to note that these conversion factors are based on the standard sea
level pressure of 1013.25 mb, and that the pressure can vary depending on location
and altitude.
 CONVERTION UNITS OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

The formulas for converting units of atmospheric pressure are as follows:

 To convert millibars (mb) to hectopascals (hPa), use the formula:
hPa = mb x 10
 To convert millibars to pounds per square inch (psi), use the formula:
psi = mb / 68.9476
 To convert hectopascals to pounds per square inch (psi), use the formula:
psi = hPa / 51.7149
 To convert atmospheres (atm) to millibars (mb), use the formula:
mb = atm x 1013.25
 To convert pascal (Pa) to millibars (mb) use the formula:
mb = Pa / 100
 To convert pascal (Pa) to atmospheres (atm) use the formula:
atm = Pa / 101325
It's important to note that these conversion factors are based on the standard sea level pressure of
1013.25 mb, and that the pressure can vary depending on location and altitude. It's also important to
note that these conversions are exact and they should be used with caution as some applications may
require more precision.
02 COURSE OUTCOME 1
COURSE OUTCOME 1

Describe the characteristics of

weather systems and their effect
to navigation.
2. COURSE OUTCOME 1

Weather systems are large-scale

atmospheric conditions that are
characterized by particular weather
patterns and conditions, such as
temperature, wind, pressure, and
precipitation.
 2. WEATHER SYSTEM
There are several types of weather systems, including:

Low-pressure systems:
Low-pressure systems, also known as depressions
or storms, are areas of low atmospheric pressure
where air rises and cools, leading to cloud
formation and precipitation. Low-pressure
systems can bring strong winds, heavy rain, and
sometimes snow and are often associated with
stormy weather
 2. WEATHER SYSTEM
There are several types of weather systems, including:

High-pressure systems:
High-pressure systems are areas of
high atmospheric pressure where air
sinks and warms, leading to clear skies
and settled weather. High-pressure
systems can bring calm winds, sunny
skies, and warm temperatures.
 2. WEATHER SYSTEM
There are several types of weather systems, including:

Fronts:
A front is the boundary between two
different air masses, such as a warm air
mass and a cold air mass. Fronts can
bring sudden changes in weather,
including precipitation, temperature,
and wind. There are four types of
fronts: cold fronts, warm fronts,
stationary fronts, and occluded fronts.
FRONTS
There are 4 types of FRONTS, including:

 Cold Fronts: A cold front is the leading edge of a cold air mass that is replacing a
warm air mass. Cold fronts are characterized by a sharp drop in temperature and
can bring strong winds, heavy precipitation, and sometimes severe weather.
 Warm Fronts: A warm front is the leading edge of a warm air mass that is replacing
a cold air mass. Warm fronts are characterized by a gradual rise in temperature and
can bring low clouds, fog, and light precipitation.
 Stationary Fronts: A stationary front is a boundary between two air masses that is
not moving. Stationary fronts can bring persistent precipitation and cloudiness, as
well as light winds.
 Occluded Fronts: An occluded front is a boundary that forms when a cold air mass
overtakes a warm air mass, cutting off the warm air and forcing it to rise. Occluded
fronts can bring a mix of precipitation and cloudiness, as well as strong winds.
 2. WEATHER SYSTEM
There are several types of weather systems, including:

Tropical Cyclones:
Tropical cyclones are large, rotating
weather systems that form over
tropical waters and can bring heavy
rainfall, strong winds, and storm
surges. Tropical cyclones include
hurricanes, typhoons, and tropical
storms.
 2. WEATHER SYSTEM
There are several types of weather systems, including:

Monsoons:
Monsoons are large-scale wind
systems that bring seasonal
changes in precipitation, wind
direction, and temperature.
Monsoons occur in many parts
of the world, including South
Asia, Africa, and Australia.
 2. WEATHER SYSTEM
There are several types of weather systems, including:

Extratropical Cyclones:
Extratropical cyclones are large,
low-pressure weather systems that
form outside of the tropics and can
bring precipitation, strong winds,
and sometimes severe weather.
Extratropical cyclones are also
known as mid-latitude storms or
nor'easters.
COURSE OUTCOME 1

Describe the characteristics of

weather systems and their effect
to navigation.
 2. WEATHER SYSTEM
There are several types of weather systems, including:

Low-pressure systems:
(depressions or storms): Low-pressure
systems can bring strong winds, heavy rain,
and sometimes snow, making it difficult for
ships to maintain their course and reducing
their speed. The rough seas and reduced
visibility caused by low-pressure systems can
pose a threat to navigation.
 2. WEATHER SYSTEM
There are several types of weather systems, including:

High-pressure systems:
High-pressure systems can bring calm
winds, sunny skies, and warm
temperatures, making navigation
easier. However, high-pressure systems
can also bring strong offshore winds,
which can make it difficult for ships to
return to port.
 2. WEATHER SYSTEM
There are several types of weather systems, including:

Fronts:
Fronts can bring sudden changes in
weather, including precipitation,
temperature, and wind, making
navigation more challenging. Cold fronts
can bring strong winds and heavy
precipitation, while warm fronts can
bring low clouds and fog.
 2. WEATHER SYSTEM
There are several types of weather systems, including:

Tropical Cyclones:
Tropical cyclones can bring heavy
rainfall, strong winds, and storm
surges, making navigation
extremely dangerous. The high
winds and rough seas caused by
tropical cyclones can pose a serious
threat to ships and other modes of
transportation.
 2. WEATHER SYSTEM
There are several types of weather systems, including:

Monsoons:
Monsoons can bring changes in
wind direction, precipitation, and
temperature, affecting navigation.
The strong winds and heavy rainfall
associated with monsoons can
make navigation difficult, especially
for smaller vessels.
 2. WEATHER SYSTEM
There are several types of weather systems, including:

Extratropical Cyclones:
Extratropical cyclones can bring
precipitation, strong winds, and
sometimes severe weather, making
navigation challenging. The heavy
rainfall and strong winds associated
with extratropical cyclones can
make it difficult for ships to
maintain their course and reduce
their speed.
THANKS FOR LISTENING!
Remember that happiness is a way of travel, not a destination.