CONCEPTS OF PREVENTION

Dr. Alok
Asst. Prof.
MBBS,MD
Dept of Commed
NOMCTH
 Specific learning objectives
By the end of lecture the student should be able to…
1. Enumerate various level of prevention with two example each
2. Define and give two example of each of the following
1. Primordial prevention
2. Primary prevention
3. Secondary prevention
4. Tertiary prevention
3. Enumerate various modes on intervention
4. Define and give example of each of the folowing
1. Specific protection
2. Early diagnosis and treatment
3. Disability limitation
4. Rehabilitation
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07/12/2024 Dr.Alok
 CONCEPTS OF PREVENTION

Goal : Promote, Preserve, restore

: Minimize Suffering & distress

Objective : To oppose the causes & there by

disease process.
 LEVELS OF PREVENTION

Health eduction/Individual & mass education

* Primordial (healthy lifestyle Sanitation/Hygeine)

* Primary Health Promotion

Specific Protection

* Secondary Early diagnosis & T/t.

 Disability limitation
Tertiary
Rehabilitation

• Primary Prev. for chronic diseases

 Population ( Mass ) strategy

 High risk approach.

 Primordial prevention
• Primary prevention in purest sense
• Prevention of the emergence or development of risk
factors in countries or population groups in which
they have not appeared.
• Eg. Obesity, hypertension
• Efforts are directed towards discouraging children
from adopting harmful lifestyles
• Main intervention is through individual and mass
education
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 Primary prevention
• Action taken prior to the onset of disease
which removes the possibility that a disease
will ever occur.
• Intervention in the prepathogenesis
• Specific protection
• Population (mass) strategy
• High – risk strategy
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 Secondary prevention
• Action which halts the progress of the
disease at its inception stage and prevents
complication
• Interventions are
– Early diagnosis & adequate treatment
• Attempts to arrest the disease progress
• Restore health & treating the disease before
irreversible pathological changes have taken
places
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 Tertiary prevention
• Signifies intervention in late pathogenesis
phase
• All measures available to reduce impairment
& disabilities, minimize suffering caused by
existing departures from good health and to
promote the patients adjustments to
irremediable conditions

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 Modes of Intervention
• Health promotion

• Specific Protection

• Early diagnosis & treatment

• Disability Limitation

• Rehabilitation

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 HEALTH PROMOTION

 Health Education Env. Modifications

 Nutrition interventions

 Life style and behavior changes

 Examples of Health Promotion

 Adequate nutrition & Food distribution

 Safe water supply

 Safe disposal of waste

 Control of Rodents, insects, Pests

 Safe working environment

 Recreation facilities
 Personal hygiene & good habits

 Marriage councelling

 Genetic councelling

 increase in education level

 improvement in F. P.

 Good rearing practices

 Physical exercise
 Periodic Health screening
 Limit availability of Alcohol, Narcotic drugs etc.
 Improvement in living conditions
 Health Legistation. -----------etc.
 SPECIFIC PROTECTION :
* To avoid / change the natural h/o disease
* Can be applied to limited area.
EXAMPLES :
* Immunizations, Use of specific nutrients
•Protections against occupational Hazards
•Accidents / cancer / Allergies
* Chemoprophylaxis
* Protection against hazards of Env., water / Air /
Noise
* Control of consumer production Quality.
 Early Diagnosis And Treatment
Early detection of health impairment As per W.H.O. –
“ The detection of the disturbances of homoeostatic
and compensatory mechanism while biochemical,
Morphological & functional changes are still
reversible.”

It has Prognostic value

To Prevent Sec.
Base for control measures

To reduce Morbidity & Mortality

Eg. Hypertension , Cancer cervix, breast Cancer, S T D ,
Leprosy, TB, etc.
 METHODS OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS

Individual Contact
• Case Finding Method
Mass contact

• Screening Surveys

• Selective Exam. / High risk gps

• Surveillance techniques.
 DISABILITY LIMITATION

DISEASE IMPAIRMENT

Disability handicap.

Accident Loss of limb ( Foot )

Can not walk unemployed

 IMPAIRMENT
Physiological, anatomical, Psychological Loss or
abnormality

Visible Temp.
*
Invisible Perma.

Reversible
*
irreversible
 DISABILITY

Any ristriction or lack of ability to perform an

activity in the manner or within range considered

normal.
 Handicap

Disadvantage for a individual resulting from

impairment or a disability, that limits or

prevents the fulfillment of the role that is

normal

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• Accident – disease

• Loss of foot – Impairment (extrinsic or intrinsic)

• Cannot walk – Disability (Objectfied)

• Unemployed – Handicap (socialized)

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 REHABILITATION :
DEF : The combined and co-ordianted use of
medical ,
social, education, vocational measures for training &
retraining the individual to the highest possible level
of functional ability.
To achieve social integration
TYPES
1. Medical For restoration of functions
2. Vocational For restoration of Capacity to
area
3. Social To Maintain Social & family
relationship
4. Psychological restoration of personal
diginity & confidence.
Disciplines
* Physiotherapy
* Occupational therapy
* Speech therapy
* Audiology
* Psychotherapy
* Education
* Placement Semites etc.
• Thanks   

07/12/2024 Dr.Alok