Gmc - d - Gyroscope

GYRO AND MAGNETIC COMPASS
Shaping Maritime Leaders of the Future
GYROSCOPE
DNS SEMESTER 4 / GYRO AND MAGNETIC COMPASS /2021/ MMH 2

Learning Outcome
At the end of lesson student will be able to
learn following
•History of invention of Gyro Compass
•Purpose of Gyro Compass
•SOLAS regulation governing for Gyro
Compass
•Importance of Gyro Compass
•Properties of Free Gyroscope

HISTORY OF GYRO
COMPASS
• The French physicist Leon Foucault carried out
extensive investigations into the earth's
rotation. In 1851 he demonstrated the rotation
of the earth, by means of a pendulum, and in
1852 he invented the gyroscope, which he
used to demonstrate the same phenomenon.
He also coined the word "gyroscope", from the
Greek "gyros", to rotate, and “IIskopein", to
view, ie. to view the rotation.

HISTORY OF GYRO COMPASS

• Lack of a suitable drive hindered further
development, until an electrically driven
rotor was produced. The first practical
gyrocompass was produced in Germany by
Dr.Anchutz-Kaemfe in 1907.
• Elmer Sperry followed in the U.S. in 1911
• S.G. Brown in the U.K. in 1916.

PURPOSE OF GYRO
COMPASS
• A Gyrocompass shows direction
• It points to True Geographic North
Advantage :
• All Nautical charts datum based on True
North
• Used as primary means of direction finding
instead of Magnetic Compass
• Data is Linked to steering and related
Electronic equipments

SOLAS regulation relate to Gyro Compass

• All Ship’s over 500 GRT shall have a Gyro Compass
• It points to True Geographical North
- Must not be a Magnetic Compass
- Must be able to Transmit Data to all
instruments requiring this information
• All Ship’s over 500 GRT shall have a Gyro repeater.
• A points to True Geographic North
- Must be able to take bearing over 360⁰
- Ship < 1600 GRT may be fitted by such means
as far as possible

SOLAS regulation relate to Gyro

Compass
• All Ships over 50000 GRT shall have a Rate of

Turn indicator
(This would not possible without the Gyro
compass)

IMPORTANCE OF GYRO COMPASS

Gyro Compass feed the heading information
•GPS
•Auto Pilot
•RADAR/ARPA
•ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and
Information System)
•Satellite Communication
•AIS ( Automatic identification system)

THE GYRO COMPASS

●This is required to provide an accurate
directional reference to geographical north.
● The compass must automatically settle
pointing north, regardless of its direction when
initially started up.
● It must remain that position regardless of the
movement of the ship.
● If any outside influence causes it to wander, it
must detect such error and automatically return
to the north indicating position.
THE GYRO COMPASS

This course will look at 3 stages in the development of a
practical gyrocompass:
1. The properties of a free gyroscope will be

investigated. This is not suitable for a directional
device, as the earth's rotation will introduce errors
through apparent motion.
2.The "controlled" gyroscope partly overcomes that
motion, by causing the gyroscope to oscillate over an arc
either side of the meridian. It is still not a practical
compass.
3.The "controlled and damped" gyroscope is the final
development, producing an instrument, which will fulfill
the requirements stated above.
Newton’s Law and Gyroscope

• Newton's First Law states that every body remains in
its initial state of rest, or of uniform motion in a
straight line, unless an external force acts on it. This
property of a body is called its Inertia, or Momentum.
Inertia = mass x velocity
I=mv
• A rotating body exhibits a similar property, termed

Angular Momentum (H).
• This can be considered to be the resistance of the
body to increase or decrease its rate of spin. In other
words, it remains in its initial state of rest, or of
uniform rotating motion, unless acted on by an
external force.


• The only factor, which has changed is the distance of
the mass from the centre of the spin axle. This
distance is termed the Radius of gyration (K), and
can be defined as the distance from the centre of the
spin axle to the point where the mass of the body can
be considered to act.
• Obviously, a change in the mass of the body will also

affect the effort required to change the rate of spin,
these two factors can be combined to produce the
Moment of Inertia of a rotating body:
Moment of Inertia = mass x (radius of gyration)² = m K

²


• The third factor affecting Angular Momentum is the
speed of rotation, or Angular Velocity, ω (Greek
Omega).
Angular Momentum = Moment of Inertia x Angular
Velocity
H = m k² ω
• A gyroscope is a spinning wheel having a large
angular momentum. From the foregoing, it can be
seen that a large angular momentum is provided by:
• 1. A large mass
• 2. Distribution of the mass as far from the spin axle as
practicable
• 3. A high angular velocity
FREE TURNING
GYROSCOPE

FREE TURNING GYROSCOPE

Free Gyroscope
• The rotor of a gyroscope is supported in a gimbal
system (supporting rings); so that it can turn in
any direction.
• A free gyroscope having three degrees of freedom.
• It is mounted in a gimbal system so that the spin
axle is free to turn in two planes that are mutually
at right angle to the spin axle.
• In the absence of external disturbing forces and
friction that affecting the spinning action, the spin
axis of a free gyroscope will maintains its direction
in space.

Free Gyroscope and its Gimbal

Mountings
• . 1: Spin axis
2: Horizontal axis
3: Vertical axis


Free Gyroscope
• The geometrical center of its gimbal system is in a
fixed position (intersection of three axes) and all
bearings are made to be as free as possible of friction.
• It is free to:
1. Spin at its own axis
2. Turn about horizontal axis (tilting: the vertical
movement of the spin axis of a free gryroscope
about it’s horizontal axis, i.e. increase/decrease
altitude)
3. Turn about vertical axis (drifting: the horizontal
movement of the spin axis of a free gyroscope
about it’s vertical axis, i.e. moving to east-west)

DRIFT, in azimuth,
about a vertical axis a horizontal axis
TILT about
SPIN about its own axis

Which colour indicate tilting, drifting?

Free Gyroscope
• A free gyroscope exhibits 2 inherent properties
(fundamental characteristics):
1. Gyroscopic Inertia (Rigidity in Space):
• The tendency of any rotating body to
preserve its plane of rotation.
• Property which causes it to maintain a fixed
direction, of its spin axle in space (e.g. star),
regardless of how the supporting
base/housing is turned either physically, or as
the earth itself rotates
• To resist any force tending to turn it in a new
direction.


• When spinning, the gyro exhibits 'gyroscopic inertia‘

• The original plane of rotation is maintained no matter
how the base is moved about.

Gyroscopic Inertia
(Rigidity in Space):
The direction of
the gyro axes does
not change due to
the magnitude and
direction of
innertia of rotation
(angular
momentum) are
maintained,
provided that
neither friction nor
external forces
affect the rotation.

Gyroscopic Inertia (Rigidity in

Space):

Free Gyroscope
• A free gyroscope exhibits 2 inherent properties:
2. Precession:
•Property which when it is acted on by a torque
(a force applied to the spin axle), causes it to
turn, not in the direction of the torque but in a
direction a right angle to the torque and at right
angle to the spin axle.
•As soon as the torque is applied, the gyro will
begin to precess, and stop precessing when the
torque is removed and will remain in the new
direction until a further torque is applied.

In the general case, Applied Direction of

force(torque) axis rotate
precession works
like this: If you have
a spinning
gyroscope and you
try to rotate its spin
axis, the gyroscope
will instead try to
rotate about an axis
at right angles to
your force axis.


Precession about the vertical axis Precession about the horizontal axis


Precession:

Free Gyroscope
2. Precession:
•Direction of Precession:
The spin axle will precess in a direction
at right ngles to the applied torque.
•A vertical torque will result in a

horizontal precession; a horizontal torque
will give a vertical precession

PRECESSION
Rate of Precession:This depends on 2 factors:
1.The greater the applied torque, the greater will
be
the rate of precession.
2. The greater the Angular Momentum (or the
greater
the inertia) the less will be the rate of
precession.
•Rate of Precession (P) is:
• Directly proportional to the applied torque
• Inversely proportional to the Angular Momentum

PRECESSION

Apparent Motion
• The direction of stars are fixed in space.
• Base on gyroscopic inertia, the spin axle is
pointing to a hypothetical star (gyrostar).
• To a person standing on the earth’s surface,
however, the stars appear to move (apparent
motion) due to the rotation of the earth.
• Stars appear to rise in the east, reach maximum
altitude when on the meridian, then set in the
west.
• Therefore, the spin axle of a gyroscope will also
exhibit apparent motion, as far as an observer on
the earth’s surface is concerned.
Apparent Motion
• A free gyroscope placed on a stationary surface
will therefore follow the movement of a star with
its axis - as it rises in the east, crosses the
meridian and sets in the west.
• The motion of the axis, relative to the Earth, will
be seen to consist of both TILT and DRIFT.
• Apparent motion of a free gyroscope on the
earth’s surface at:
1. Equator
2. Pole
3. Between Equator and Pole

Apparent Motion of Free Gyroscope on

Earth’s Surface
1. Position: Equator (North end to E)
• If a free gyro is placed on the Equator, with its
spin axle axis horizontal and pointing East, it
could be pointing at a star with 'zero' declination.
• The axis will TILT 'upwards' as the star rises.
After 6 hours it will be vertical, since the star is
now at its zenith. After a further 6 hours, it will
be horizontal again - as the star 'sets' - but now
pointing West. After 24 hours the axis would
attain its original alignment.
• The “Rate of Tilt’ = 15o per hour.

Gyro at Equator
However, there will be
no azimuth drift of the Axis is
gyro axis. A gyro with Vertical
its spinning axis set in
the East-West position
at the equator appears
to turn about its
horizontal axis once
each twenty-four hours.
Axis is Axis is tilting

Horizontal upwards

Free Gyroscope at equator
Earth turning
• A gyro with its spinning axis set in the East-West position at the
equator appears to turn about its horizontal axis once each
twenty-four hours.
Position: Equator (North end to N/S or

North end in Meridian)
• A star situated at the celestial pole would

have no motion relative to the earth’s
surface.
• If the axis had been placed pointing N/S, and
horizontal at the Equator, it would be pointing
at the Celestial Pole.
• As this is stationery relative to the Earth's
rotation, there would be no movement of the
axis, i.e no TILT or DRIFT.
• The free Gyro is at rest.

Earth’s Surface
• Position: Equator
• Tilting is max. when Lat. = 0° (equator)
• Tilting is zero when Lat. = 90° (poles)
• Tilting is a function of latitude.
• Tilting varies as sin of azimuth
• Rate of Tilting = [15 Cos (Lat.) Sin (Az)]˚/hr

Summary of Apparent Motion of Free

Gyroscope
1. Position: Equator
•North end to the east of meridian, tilts up,

with no drift
•North end to the west of the meridian, tilts
down, with no drift
•North end in the meridian, no tilt or drift


Earth’s Surface
2. Position: North Pole (North end to E)

•A free gyro placed at the pole, with its axis
horizontal, will rotate in a horizontal plane -
with no 'tilt' - once every 24 hours.
•That is it would follow a fixed star around
the horizon but it would not rise or set.

Free gyro at pole will

only DRIFT but no TILT.
Gyro at Pole

Free Gyroscope at North Pole
• A gyro with its spinning axis set horizontal at

the Pole appears to turn about its vertical axis
once each twenty-four hours.

• The rotation of the stars about the pole will be

about the zenith.
• All stars will describe a circle parallel to the horizon,
maintaining a constant altitude (stars declinations)

2. Position: North Pole (North end to E)

• With the free gyro at the pole, there will
only be DRIFT - if the axis is horizontal.
The axis will appear to rotate in a
'clockwise' direction (when viewed from
above North Pole ). This would be due to
the real counter clockwise rotation of the
earth beneath.
• This circular motion causes the gyroscope
to drift through 360˚ in one sidereal day.
• The “Rate of Drift’ = 15o per hour.

Earth’s Surface
2. Position: North Pole

•Drift is max. at the Poles, when Lat. = 90˚
•Drift is zero at the equator, when Lat. = 0˚
•Drift varies as sine of the Latitude
•Drift = 15 x sin Lat.°/Hour


Earth’s Surface
3. Position: Intermediate latitude
Between the Equator and the Poles, there will be a
combination of both DRIFT and TILT.
Therefore the axis of a free gyro will not point in a
fixed direction, but describe a CIRCLE - centred on
the Celestial Pole.
To enable a gyro to point in a fixed direction, it
must be both 'controlled' and 'damped'. Use is
made of the phenomenon of PRECESSION.




Circle trace by free gyroscope

Tg. : Tilting
dr. : Drifting

Summary of Tilting
At Poles No Tilting
At equator Maximum Tilting
In an Intermediate lat. A combination of Tilting
and Drifting

Summary of Drifting
At Poles Maximum Drifting

At equator No Drifting
In an Intermediate lat. A combination of Tilting
and Drifting


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GYRO AND MAGNETIC COMPASS

Shaping Maritime Leaders of the Future

DNS SEMESTER 4 / GYRO AND MAGNETIC COMPASS /2021/ MMH 2

DNS SEMESTER 4 / GYRO AND MAGNETIC COMPASS /2021/ MMH 3

DNS SEMESTER 4 / GYRO AND MAGNETIC COMPASS /2021/ MMH 4

HISTORY OF GYRO COMPASS

DNS SEMESTER 4 / GYRO AND MAGNETIC COMPASS /2021/ MMH 5

DNS SEMESTER 4 / GYRO AND MAGNETIC COMPASS /2021/ MMH 6

SOLAS regulation relate to Gyro Compass

DNS SEMESTER 4 / GYRO AND MAGNETIC COMPASS /2021/ MMH 7

SOLAS regulation relate to Gyro

• All Ships over 50000 GRT shall have a Rate of

DNS SEMESTER 4 / GYRO AND MAGNETIC COMPASS /2021/ MMH 8

IMPORTANCE OF GYRO COMPASS

DNS SEMESTER 4 / GYRO AND MAGNETIC COMPASS /2021/ MMH 9

THE GYRO COMPASS

THE GYRO COMPASS

1. The properties of a free gyroscope will be

Newton’s Law and Gyroscope

• A rotating body exhibits a similar property, termed

DNS SEMESTER 4 / GYRO AND MAGNETIC COMPASS /2021/ MMH 12

Newton’s Law and Gyroscope

• Obviously, a change in the mass of the body will also

Moment of Inertia = mass x (radius of gyration)² = m K

DNS SEMESTER 4 / GYRO AND MAGNETIC COMPASS /2021/ MMH 13

Newton’s Law and Gyroscope

DNS SEMESTER 4 / GYRO AND MAGNETIC COMPASS /2021/ MMH 15

FREE TURNING GYROSCOPE

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Free Gyroscope and its Gimbal

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SPIN about its own axis

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Which colour indicate tilting, drifting?

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• When spinning, the gyro exhibits 'gyroscopic inertia‘

DNS SEMESTER 4 / GYRO AND MAGNETIC COMPASS /2021/ MMH 25

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Gyroscopic Inertia (Rigidity in

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In the general case, Applied Direction of

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•A vertical torque will result in a

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Apparent Motion of Free Gyroscope on

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