SCIE6057 – Chemistry & Biology

Week 8

Gases and Chemical Equilibrium

 Gases

 Gases
• Pressures
• The Gas Law
• Stoichiometry Gases

 Chemical Equilibrium
• Compotation of Equilibrium
• The Equilibrium Constant (Kc)
• The Equilibrium Constant (Kp)
GASES
 Gases

General Properties of Gases

 There is a lot of “free” space in a gas.
 Gases can be expanded infinitely.
 Gases occupy containers uniformly and
completely.
 Gases diffuse and mix rapidly.
Gases
1. Pressures
2. the Gas Law
3. Stoichiometry of Gases
 Pressures

Pressure of air is
measured with a
BAROMETER (developed
by Torricelli in 1643)
 Pressures

• Pressure ( P ) is the ratio of the force ( F ) exerted upon a

surface to the surface area ( A ).
P=
F= mg
P= mg
A

• Measuring pressure is millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) .

Today 1 mm Hg is called 1 torr .
1 torr = 133 Pa
1 atm = 760 torr = 101,325 Pa.
 The Gas Law

IDEAL GAS LAW

Boyle’s Law
PV=nRT
If n and T are constant, then
PV = (nRT) = k. This means
that P goes up as V goes down.
Robert Boyle, 1627~1691
 The Gas Law

• A bicycle pump is a good example of Boyle’s

law. As the volume of the air trapped in the
pump is reduced, its pressure goes up, and
air is forced into the tire.
 The Gas Law

Problem
How mass of N2 is req’d to fill a small room
with a volume of 960 cubic feet (27,000 L) to P
= 745 mm Hg, at 25oC?
R = 0.082057 L•atm/K•mol
Solution
Get all data into proper units
V = 27,000 L
T = 25oC + 273 = 298 K
P = 745 mm Hg (1 atm/760 mm Hg) =
 The Gas Law

Charles’s Law
If n and P are constant, then
V = (nR/P)T = kT
V and T are directly related.

Jacques Charles, 1746~1823

 The Gas Law

n = PV / RT

n = 1.1 x 103 mol

Mr N2 = 28
Mass N2 = 1.1 x 103 mol x 28 g
 Stoichiometry of Gases

Bombardier beetle uses

decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide H2O2 to defend
itself.

Reaction :
2 H2O2(l) ---> 2 H2O(g) + O2(g)
What is the pressure of O2 at 25oC if
decompose 1.1 g of H2O2 in a flask with
a volume of 2.50 L.
 Stoichiometry of Gases

P of O2 = 0.16 atm
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
 Chemical Equilibrium

Chemical equilibrium is achieved when:

1.) the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal
and
2.) the concentrations of the reactants and products remain
constant
State Of Equilibrium
 Chemical Equilibrium

• For example, the Haber process for

producing ammonia from N2 and H2 does
not go to completion.

N2(g) 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

– It establishes an equilibrium state
where all three species are present.
 Compotation of Equilibrium

• Applying Stoichiometry to an Equilibrium

Mixture.
– Suppose we place 1.000 mol N2 and 3.000 mol
H2 in a reaction vessel at 450 oC and 10.0
atmospheres of pressure. The reaction is

N2(g) 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

– What is the composition of the equilibrium
mixture if it contains 0.080 mol NH3?
 Compotation of Equilibrium

• Using the information given, set up the

following table.
N2(g)  3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Starting 1.000 3.000 0
Change -x -3x +2x
Equilibrium 1.000 - x 3.000 - 3x 2x = 0.080 mol

– The equilibrium amount of NH3 was given as 0.080 mol.

Therefore, 2x = 0.080 mol NH3 (x = 0.040 mol).
 Compotation of Equilibrium

• Using the information given, set up the following

table.
N2(g)  3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Starting 1.000 3.000 0
Change -x -3x +2x
Equilibrium 1.000 - x 3.000 - 3x 2x = 0.080 mol

Equilibrium amount of N2 = 1.000 - 0.040 = 0.960 mol N2

Equilibrium amount of H2 = 3.000 - (3 x 0.040) = 2.880 mol H2
Equilibrium amount of NH3 = 2x = 0.080 mol NH3
 The Equilibrium Constant
(Kc)

For the general reaction:

aA (g) + bB (g) cC (g) + dD (g)

[C]c[D]d
Kc =
[A]a[B]b
 The Equilibrium Constant
(Kc)

• The equilibrium-constant for reaction:

N2(g) 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
2
[NH3]
Kc  3
[N2][H2]

– Note that the stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced equation

have become the powers to which the concentrations are raised.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company.All Presentation of Lecture

rights reserved. Outlines, 15–22
 The Equilibrium Constant
(Kc)

• Example :
CO(g)  3H2(g) CH4(g)  H2O(g)

– We find that these initial concentrations result in the following

equilibrium concentrations.

Reactants Products
[CO] = 0.0613 M [CH4] = 0.0387 M
[H2] = 0.1893 M [H2O] = 0.0387 M
 The Equilibrium Constant
(Kc)

CO(g)  3H2(g) CH4(g)  H2O(g)

– Substituting these values into the equilibrium-constant expression,

we obtain the same result.

(0.0387M)(0.0387M)
Kc  3
 3.93
(0.0613M)(0.1839M)
 The Equilibrium Constant
(Kp)

• If we express a gas-phase equilibria in

terms of partial pressures, we obtain
Kp.
– . Consider the reaction below

CO(g)  3H2(g) CH4(g)  H2O(g)

– The
equilibrium- PCH PH O
constant
expression in
Kp  4 2

3
terms of PCO PH 2
partial
 The Equilibrium Constant
(Kp)

• In general, the numerical value of Kp differs

from that of Kc.
– From the relationship n/V=P/RT, we can show
that
n
Kp  Kc(RT)
where Dn is the sum of the moles of gaseous
products in a reaction minus the sum of the
moles of gaseous reactants.
 The Equilibrium Constant
(Kp)

• Consider the reaction

2SO2(g) O2(g) 2SO3(g)
– Kc for the reaction is 2.8 x 102 at 1000 oC.
– Calculate Kp for the reaction at this
temperature.
 The Equilibrium Constant
(Kp)

• Consider the reaction

2SO2(g) O2(g) 2SO3(g)
– We know that

n
Kp  Kc(RT)
From the equation we see that Dn = -1. We can simply substitute the
given reaction temperature and the value of R (0.08206 L.atm/mol.K) to
obtain Kp.
 The Equilibrium Constant
(Kp)

• Consider the reaction

2SO2(g) O2(g) 2SO3(g)
– Since
n
Kp  Kc(RT)

Kp  2.8102 (0.08206m
Latm
olK 1000 K)-1
 3.4
 References

• Lawrence S. Brown & Thomas A. Holme. (2015). Chemistry

for Engineering. Third Edition. Cengage Learning. . ISBN-13:
978-1-285-19902-3.
Thank You