ATOMS AND

MOLECULES
 INTRODUCTION
 Around 500BC ,an Indian philosopher Maharishi Kanad, postulated the
theory if we go on dividing matter(padarth), we will obtain smallest
particle beyond which further division can’t be possible which known as

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‘parmanu’
 Another Indian philosopher, Pakudha Katyayama, elaborated this
doctrine and said that these particles normally exist in a combined form
which gives us various forms of matter.
 Ancient Greek philosopher - Democritus and Leucippus called these
particles at atoms.
 By the end of the eighteenth century, scientists recognised the difference
between elements and compounds and naturally became interested in
finding out how and why elements combine and what happens when they
combine

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Laws of Chemical Combination
Antoine L. Lavoisier laid the foundation of chemical sciences by
establishing two important laws of chemical combination.

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 CHEMICAL REACTION

• In a chemical reaction, two or more molecules interact to produce new compounds and are called
reactants, whereas the newly formed compounds are called products.
• In a chemical reaction, a chemical change must occur, which is generally observed with physical
changes like precipitation, heat production, colour change, etc.
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 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS (by Lavoisier in 1744)
• Law of conservation of mass states that mass can neither be created nor destroyed
in a chemical reaction
• Mass of reactants will be equal to the mass of products
• i.e A + B → C + D Reactants → Products Mass of reactants = Mass of products
• Law of Conservation of Mass Examples
• Combustion process: Burning of wood is a conservation of mass as the burning of wood
involves Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, water vapor and ashes.
• Chemical reactions: To get one molecule of H2O (water) with the molecular weight of

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10, Hydrogen with molecular weight 2 is added with Oxygen whose molecular weight is
8, thereby conserving the mass.

 LAW OF CONSTANT PROPORTIONS (by Proust in 1797)

• This law was stated by Proust as “In a chemical substance the elements are always present in
definite proportions by mass”.
• For e.g., If we take water from a river or from an ocean, both have oxygen and hydrogen in the
same proportion.

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DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
According to Dalton’s atomic theory, all matter,
whether an element, a compound or a mixture is
composed of small particles called atoms.
The postulates of this theory may be stated as follows:

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(i) All matter is made of very tiny particles called
atoms, which participate in chemical reactions.
(ii) Atoms are indivisible particles, which cannot be
created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
(iii) Atoms of a given element are identical in mass and
chemical properties.
(iv) Atoms of different elements have different masses
and chemical properties.
(v) Atoms combine in the ratio of small whole
numbers to form compounds.
(vi) The relative number and kinds of atoms are
constant in a given compound
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ATOMS
An atom is the defining structure of an element, which cannot be broken by any chemical means.
The atomic symbol has three parts:-
•The symbol X: the usual element symbol
•The atomic number A: equal to the number of protons
•The mass number Z: equal to the total number of protons and

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neutrons in an element

According to modern atomic theory an atom is the smallest particle of an element which takes part in
chemical reaction. Atoms are very small and cant be seen even through very powerful microscope.
Atomic radius is measured in nanometres. Nanometres=10 -9 m.

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Modern Day Symbols of Element
• Dalton was the first scientist to use the symbols for elements
• Berzilius suggested that the symbols of elements be made from one or two letters
of the name of the element.

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Symbols for some elements as proposed by Dalton
• Initially, the names of elements were derived from the name of the place where they
were found for the first time. For example, the name copper was taken from Cyprus
• Now, IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is an international
scientific organisation which approves names of elements, symbols and units 7
• The first letter of a symbol is always written as a capital letter(uppercase) and
the second letter as a small letter(lowercase)

For example: (i) hydrogen, H

(ii) aluminium, Al and not AL
(iii) cobalt, Co and not CO

• Some symbols have been taken from the names of elements in Latin,
German or Greek. For example, the symbol of iron is Fe from its
Latin name ferrum, sodium is Na from natrium, potassium is K from
kalium
ATOMIC MASS
• Dalton’s atomic theory proposed the idea of atomic mass which explained the law of
constant proportion as well.
• Determining the mass of an individual atom was a relatively difficult task, relative
atomic masses were determined using the laws of chemical combinations and the
compounds formed

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Atomic mass of an element may be defined as the average relative mass of an atom of the
element as compared with the mass of an atom of carbon (C-12 isotope) taken as 12 amu.
• In 1961, IUPAC have accepted ‘atomic mass unit’(amu) to express atomic and molecular mass
of elements and compounds, but according to the latest IUPAC recommendations, it is now
written as ‘u’ – unified mass)
• While searching for various atomic mass units, scientists initially took 1/ 16 of the mass of an atom
of naturally occurring oxygen as the unit. This was considered relevant due to two reasons:
• oxygen reacted with a large number of elements and formed compounds.
• this atomic mass unit gave masses of most of the elements as whole numbers.
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• However, in 1961, the carbon-12 isotope was chosen as the standard reference for measuring
atomic masses in order to create a universally accepted unit of atomic mass. An atomic mass unit
is a unit of mass equal to exactly one-twelfth
(1/12) of the mass of an atom of carbon-12.
The relative atomic masses of all elements were determined with respect to one carbon-12 atom

• The atoms of most elements are not capable of existing independently. The atoms form molecules

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and ions. These molecules or ions join together in large numbers to form the matter that we can
see, feel, or touch.6

Molecule
A group of two or more than two atoms of the same or different elements that are chemically bonded
together is called a molecule.

It is the smallest particle of an element or a compound that is capable of an independent

existence and shows all the properties of that substance
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 Example: ‘H2O is the smallest particle of water which shows all the properties of water.
A molecule may have atom of same or different elements,depending on this molecule can be
categorized into two categories.
HOMOATOMIC MOLECULE:
These types of molecules contain atom of same element
Example: H2, O2, P4 etc.
HETEROATOMIC MOLECULES:

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These type of molecules contain atoms of different elements in definite proportion.
Example: H2O , CO2 etc.

Atomicity
The number of atoms present in a molecule of an element or a compound is known as its
atomicity.

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Let us look at the atomicity of some non-metals

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ION
It is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms. It is formed by the loss or gain
of one or more electrons by an atom.

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Ions are of two types:
(i) Cation: It is positively charged ion and is formed by the loss of one or more
electrons from an atom
For example: sodium atom, loses one electron to form a sodium ion Na
Na – e− → Na+
(ii) Anion: It is a negatively charged ion and is formed by the gain of one or more
electrons by an atom.

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For example a chlorine atom gains one electron to form a chloride ion Cl−.
Cl + e− → Cl−

Valency
It is defined by the combining power (or capacity) of an element.
Depending on their valency, elements can be classified as following:
(i) Monovalent cation: Having cationic valency of 1.
For example: Sodium ion (Na+ ). Potassium ion (K+ ), Hydrogen ion (H+ ).
Monovalent anion: Having anionic valency of -1.
For example: Chloride ion (Cl-), Bromide ion (Br-)
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(ii) Divalent cation: Having cationic valency of 2.
For example: Magnesium ion (Mg2+), Ferrous ion (Fe2+).
Divalent anion: Having anionic valency of −2.
For example: Oxide ion (O2−), Sulphide ion (S2−).
(iii) Trivalent cations: Having cationic valency of 3.
For example: Aluminium ion (Al3+), Ferric ion (Fe3+).
Trivalent anion: Having anionic valency of -3.

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For example: Nitride ion (N-3), Phosphate ion (PO43−) etc

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Names and symbols of some ion
Writing Chemical Formulae
The chemical formula of a compound is a symbolic representation of its composition
The rules that you have to follow while writing a chemical formula are as follows:
• The valencies or charges on the ion must balance.
• When a compound consists of a metal and a non-metal, the name or symbol of the metal is written first.
For example: calcium oxide (CaO), sodium chloride (NaCl), iron sulphide (FeS), copper oxide (CuO) etc.,
where oxygen, chlorine, sulphur are nonmetals and are written on the right, whereas calcium, sodium, iron

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and copper are metals, and are written on the left.
• In compounds formed with polyatomic ions, the number of ions present in the compound is indicated by
enclosing the formula of ion in a bracket and writing the number of ions outside the bracket. For example,
Mg (OH)2 . In case the number of polyatomic ion is one, the bracket is not required. For example, NaOH

Formula of Simple and Molecular Compounds:

Steps to construct the chemical formula of a compound:
(i) While writing the chemical formulae for compounds, write the constituent elements with their
valencies written down the respective elements.
(ii) Then crossover the valencies of the combining atoms as shown in the following examples.
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Steps to represent the chemical formula of a compound:
(i) The valencies or charges on the ions must be balanced.
(ii) For a compound made up of a metal and a non-metal, the symbol of metal is written first.
(iii) In compounds formed with polyatomic ions, the ion is enclosed in a bracket before writing
the number to indicate the ratio.

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Molecular Mass
The number of times a molecule of a compound is heavier than the 1/12 of the mass of C-
12 atom, is known as its molecular mass.

The molecular mass is equal to the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms
present in one molecule of the substance. It is therefore the relative mass
of a molecule expressed in atomic mass units (u)

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FORMULA UNIT MASS
It is the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a formula unit of
a compound.
Formula unit mass is calculated in the same manner as we calculate the molecular mass. The only difference
is that we use the word formula unit for those substances whose constituent particles are ions.
For example, sodium chloride as discussed above, has a formula unit NaCl. Its formula unit mass can be
calculated as– 1 × 23 + 1 × 35.5 = 58.5 u
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 MOLE CONCEPT
Take an example of the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to form water: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O. The above
reaction indicates that
(i) two molecules of hydrogen combine with one molecule of oxygen to form two molecules of water, or
(ii) 4 u of hydrogen molecules combine with 32 u of oxygen molecules to form 36 u of water molecules.
We can infer from the above equation that the quantity of a substance can be characterised by its mass or the
number of molecules. But, a chemical reaction equation indicates directly the number of atoms or molecules
taking part in the reaction. Therefore, it is more convenient to refer to the quantity of a substance in terms of

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the number of its molecules or atoms, rather than their masses. So, a new unit “mole” was introduced. The
mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance

A group of 6.022*1023 particles (atoms or molecules) of a substance is scalled one

mole of that substance
The word “mole” was introduced around 1896 by Wilhelm Ostwald who derived the term from the Latin
word moles meaning a ‘heap’ or ‘pile’. A substance may be considered as a heap of atoms or molecules.
The unit mole was accepted in 1967 to provide a simple way of reporting a large number– the massive
heap of atoms and molecules in a sample 18
1 mole = 6.023 × 1023 particles = Mass of 1 mole particles in grams
→ The mass of 1 mole particles is equal to its mass in grams.
1 mole atoms = gram atomic mass
1 mole molecules = gram molecular mass

 Gram Atomic Mass: The atomic mass of an element expressed in grams is known as gram atomic
mass.

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 Gram Molecular Mass: Gram molecular mass is the mass in grams of one mole of a molecular substance.

Avogadro’s constant or Avogadro’s number:

The number of particles present in one mole (i.e. 6.023 x 10 23 particles) is called Avogadro’s number or
Avogadro’s constant.
Avogadro Constant or Avogadro Number was named in honor of Italian scientist, Amedeo Avogadro.

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 SUMMARY
• During a chemical reaction, the sum of the masses of the reactants and products remains unchanged. This is
known as the Law of Conservation of Mass.
• In a pure chemical compound, elements are always present in a definite proportion by mass. This is known as the
Law of Definite Proportions.
• An atom is the smallest particle of the element that cannot usually exist independently and retain all its chemical
properties.

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• A molecule is the smallest particle of an element or a compound capable of independent existence under ordinary
conditions. It shows all the properties of the substance.
• A chemical formula of a compound shows its constituent elements and the number of atoms of each combining
element.
• Clusters of atoms that act as an ion are called polyatomic ions. They carry a fixed charge on them.
• The chemical formula of a molecular compound is determined by the valency of each element
. • In ionic compounds, the charge on each ion is used to determine the chemical formula of the compound.
• Scientists use the relative atomic mass scale to compare the masses of different atoms of elements. Atoms of carbon-
12 isotopes are assigned a relative atomic mass of 12 and the relative masses of all other atoms are obtained by
comparison with the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
• The Avogadro constant 6.022 × 1023 is defined as the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12.
• The mole is the amount of substance of a system that contains 6.02214076 × 1023 specified elementary entities.
• Mass of 1 mole of a substance is called its molar mass 21
 Exercises
Q1) A 0.24 g sample of compound of oxygen and boron was found by analysis to contain 0.096 g of boron and 0.144 g
of oxygen. Calculate the percentage composition of the compound by weight.

Given: Mass of the sample compound = 0.24g, mass of boron = 0.096g, mass of oxygen = 0.144g
To calculate percentage composition of the compound:
Percentage of boron = mass of boron / mass of the compound x 100

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= 0.096g / 0.24g x 100 = 40%
Percentage of oxygen = 100 – percentage of boron
= 100 – 40 = 60%

Q2) When 3.0 g of carbon is burnt in 8.00 g oxygen, 11.00 g of carbon dioxide is produced. What mass of carbon dioxide
will be formed when 3.00 g of carbon is burnt in 50.00 g of oxygen? Which law of chemical combination will govern your
answer?
11.00g of carbon dioxide is formed when 3.00g carbon is burnt in 8.00g of oxygen.
Carbon and oxygen are combined in the ratio 3:8 to give carbon dioxide using up all the carbon and
oxygen
Hence, for 3g of carbon and 50g of oxygen, 8g of oxygen is used and 11g of carbon is formed, the
left oxygen is unused i.e., 50-8=42g of oxygen is unused. This depicts the law of definite proportions – The combining
elements in compounds are present in 22

definite proportions by mass.

Q3)What are polyatomic ions? Give examples.
The ions which contain more than one atoms (same kind or may be of different kind)
and behave as a single unit are called polyatomic ions e.g., OH –, SO42-, CO32-.

Q4) Write the chemical formulae of the following.

(a) Magnesium chloride (b) Calcium oxide (c) Copper nitrate (d)Aluminium chloride (e) Calcium carbonate

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Q5) Give the names of the elements present in the following
compounds.
(a) Quick lime
(b) Hydrogen bromide
(c) Baking powder
(d) Potassium sulphate.
The following are the names of the elements present in the following compounds:
(a) Quick lime – Calcium and oxygen (CaO)
(b) Hydrogen bromide – Hydrogen and bromine (HBr)

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(c) Baking powder – Sodium, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (NaHCO3)
(d) Potassium sulphate – Sulphur, Oxygen, Potassium (K2SO4)

Q6) Calculate the molar mass of the following substances.

(a) Ethyne, C2H2
(b) Sulphur molecule, S8
(c) Phosphorus molecule, P4
(Atomic mass of phosphorus = 31)
(d) Hydrochloric acid, HCl
(e) Nitric acid, HNO

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(a) Molar mass of Ethyne C2H2= 2 x Mass of C+2 x Mass of H = (2×12)+(2×1)=24+2=26g
(b) Molar mass of Sulphur molecule S8 = 8 x Mass of S = 8 x 32 = 256g
(c) Molar mass of Phosphorus molecule, P4 = 4 x Mass of P = 4 x 31 = 124g
(d) Molar mass of Hydrochloric acid, HCl = Mass of H+ Mass of Cl = 1+35.5 = 36.5g
(e) Molar mass of Nitric acid, HNO3 =Mass of H+ Mass of Nitrogen + 3 x Mass of O = 1 + 14+
3×16 = 63g
Q7) What is the mass of—
(a) 1 mole of nitrogen atoms?

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(b) 4 moles of aluminium atoms (Atomic mass of aluminium = 27)?
(c) 10 moles of sodium sulphite (Na2SO3 )
(a) Atomic mass of nitrogen atoms = 14u
Mass of 1 mole of nitrogen atoms= Atomic mass of nitrogen atoms
Therefore, mass of 1 mole of nitrogen atom is 14g
(b) Atomic mass of aluminium =27u
Mass of 1 mole of aluminium atoms = 27g
1 mole of aluminium atoms = 27g, 4 moles of aluminium atoms = 4 x 27 = 108g
(c) Mass of 1 mole of sodium sulphite Na2SO3 = Molecular mass of sodium sulphite = 2 x Mass of Na + Mass of S +
3 x Mass of O = (2 x 23) + 32 +(3x 16) = 46+32+48 = 126g
Therefore, mass of 10 moles of Na2SO3 = 10 x 126 = 1260g
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Q8)Convert into mole.
(a) 12 g of oxygen gas
(b) 20 g of water
(c) 22 g of carbon dioxide.
a) Given: Mass of oxygen gas=12g
Molar mass of oxygen gas = 2 Mass of Oxygen = 2 x 16 = 32g
Number of moles = Mass given / molar mass of oxygen gas = 12/32 = 0.375 moles
(b) Given: Mass of water = 20g

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Molar mass of water = 2 x Mass of Hydrogen + Mass of Oxygen = 2 x 1 + 16 = 18g
Number of moles = Mass given / molar mass of water
= 20/18 = 1.11 moles
(c) Given: Mass of carbon dioxide = 22g
Molar mass of carbon dioxide = Mass of C + 2 x Mass of Oxygen = 12 + 2x 16 = 12+32=44g
Number of moles = Mass given/ molar mass of carbon dioxide = 22/44 = 0.5 moles
Q9) What is the mass of:
(a) 0.2 mole of oxygen atoms?
(b) 0.5 mole of water molecules?
(a) Mass of 1 mole of oxygen atoms = 16u, hence it weighs 16g
Mass of 0.2 moles of oxygen atoms = 0.2 x 16 = 3.2u
(b) Mass of 1 mole of water molecules = 18u, hence it weighs 18g 26

Mass of 0.5 moles of water molecules = 0.5 x 18 = 9u

Q10) Calculate the number of molecules of sulphur (S8 ) present in 16 g of solid sulphur.
To calculate molecular mass of sulphur:
Molecular mass of Sulphur (S8) = 8xMass of Sulphur = 8×32 = 256g
Mass given = 16g
Number of moles = mass given/ molar mass of sulphur
= 16/256 = 0.0625 moles
To calculate the number of molecules of sulphur in 16g of solid sulphur:
Number of molecules = Number of moles x Avogadro number
= 0.0625 x 6.022 x 10²³ molecules

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= 3.763 x 1022 molecules
Q11) Calculate the number of aluminium ions present in 0.051 g of aluminium oxide.
To calculate the number of aluminium ions in 0.051g of aluminium oxide:
1 mole of aluminium oxide = 6.022 x 1023 molecules of aluminium oxide
1 mole of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) = 2 x Mass of aluminium + 3 x Mass of Oxygen
= (2x 27) + (3 x16) = 54 +48 = 102g
1 mole of aluminium oxide = 102g = 6.022 x 10 23 molecules of aluminium oxide
Therefore, 0.051g of aluminium oxide has = 0.051 x 6.022 x 10 23 / 102
= 3.011 x 1020 molecules of aluminium oxide
One molecule of aluminium oxide has 2 aluminium ions, hence number of aluminium ions present in 0.051g of
aluminium oxide = 2 x 3.011x 1020 molecules of aluminium oxide
= 6.022 x 1020 27
 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS SOLVED
Q1) In a reaction 5.3 g of sodium carbonate reacted with 6 g of ethanoic acid. The products were 2.2 g of carbon
dioxide, 0.9 g water and 8.2 g of sodium ethanoate. Show that these observations are in agreement with the law of
conservation of mass carbonate(Page 32)
Sodium carbonate + acetic acid → Sodium acetate + carbon dioxide + water
Solution:
Sodium carbonate + acetic acid → Sodium acetate + carbon dioxide + water
5.3g 6g 8.2g 2.2g 0.9g
As per the law of conservation of mass, the total mass of reactants must be equal to the total mass of

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products
As per the above reaction, LHS = RHS i.e., 5.3g + 6g = 2.2g + 0.9 g + 8.2 g = 11.3 g
Hence the observations are in agreement with the law of conservation of mass
Q2) Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio of 1:8 by mass to form water. What mass of oxygen gas would be
required to react completely with 3 g of hydrogen gas?
We know hydrogen and water mix in the ratio 1: 8.
For every 1g of hydrogen, it is 8g of oxygen.
Therefore, for 3g of hydrogen, the quantity of oxygen = 3 x 8 = 24g
Hence, 24g of oxygen would be required for the complete reaction with 3g of hydrogen gas.
Q3) Which postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory is the result of the law of conservation of mass?
The postulate of Dalton’s Atomic theory which is a result of the law of conservation of mass is, 28
“Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed”.
Q4) Which postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory can explain the law of definite proportions?
The postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory that can explain the law of definite proportions is – the
relative number and kinds of atoms are equal in given compounds.
Q5) Define the atomic mass unit(Page 35)
An atomic mass unit is a unit of mass used to express weights of atoms and molecules where one
atomic mass is equal to 1/12th the mass of one carbon-12 atom.
Q6)Why is it not possible to see an atom with naked eyes?

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Firstly, atoms are miniscule in nature, measured in nanometers. Secondly, except for atoms of noble
gasses, they do not exist independently. Hence, an atom cannot be visible to the naked eyes.
Q7) Write down the formulae of
(i) sodium oxide
(ii) aluminium chloride
(iii) sodium sulphide
(iv) magnesium hydroxide

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Q8) Write down the names of compounds represented by the following formulae:
(i) Al2 (SO4 ) 3 Aluminium Sulphate
(ii) CaCl2 Calcium Chloride
(iii) K2 SO4 Potassium Sulphate
(iv) KNO3 Potassium Nitrate
(v) CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate

Q9) What is meant by the term chemical formula?

Chemical formula is the symbolic representation of a chemical compound. For example: The chemical formula
of hydrochloric acid is HCl.
Q10) How many atoms are present in a (i) H2S molecule and (ii) PO4 -3 ion
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 (i) H2S molecule has 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of sulphur hence 3 atoms in totality.
(ii) PO43- ion has 1 atom of phosphorus and 4 atoms of oxygen hence 5 atoms in totality.

Q11) Calculate the molecular masses of H2 , O2 , Cl2 , CO2 , CH4 , C2H6 , C2H4 , NH3 , CH3OH.

• The molecular mass of H2 – 2 x atoms atomic mass of H = 2 x 1u = 2u

• The molecular mass of O2 – 2 x atoms atomic mass of O = 2 x 16u = 32u
• The molecular mass of Cl2 – 2 x atoms atomic mass of Cl = 2 x 35.5u = 71u
• The molecular mass of CO2 – atomic mass of C + 2 x atomic mass of O = 12 + ( 2×16)u = 44u

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• The molecular mass of CH4 – atomic mass of C + 4 x atomic mass of H = 12 + ( 4 x 1)u = 16u
• The molecular mass of C2H6– 2 x atomic mass of C + 6 x atomic mass of H = (2 x 12) +
(6 x 1)u=24+6=30u
• The molecular mass of C2H4– 2 x atomic mass of C + 4 x atomic mass of H = (2x 12) +
(4 x 1)u=24+4=28u
• The molecular mass of NH3– atomic mass of N + 3 x atomic mass of H = (14 +3 x 1)u= 17u
• The molecular mass of CH3OH – atomic mass of C + 3x atomic mass of H + atomic mass of O + atomic mass of H = (12 +
3×1+16+1)u=(12+3+17)u = 32u
Q12) Calculate the formula unit masses of ZnO, Na2O, K2CO3 , given atomic masses of Zn = 65 u, Na = 23
u, K = 39 u, C = 12 u, and O = 16 u.

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Given:
Atomic mass of Zn = 65u
Atomic mass of Na = 23u
Atomic mass of K = 39u
Atomic mass of C = 12u
Atomic mass of O = 16u
The formula unit mass of ZnO= Atomic mass of Zn + Atomic mass of O = 65u + 16u = 81u
The formula unit mass of Na2O = 2 x Atomic mass of Na + Atomic mass of O = (2 x 23)u + 16u = 46u + 16u = 62u
The formula unit mass of K2CO3 = 2 x Atomic mass of K + Atomic mass of C + 3 x Atomic mass of O = (2 x 39)u + 12u +

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(3 x 16)u = 78u + 12u + 48u = 138u

Q13) If one mole of carbon atoms weighs 12 grams, what is the mass (in grams) of 1 atom of carbon?
Given: 1 mole of carbon weighs 12g
1 mole of carbon atoms = 6.022 x 1023
Molecular mass of carbon atoms = 12g = an atom of carbon mass
Hence, mass of 1 carbon atom = 12 / 6.022 x 1023 = 1.99 x 10-23g
Q14) Which has more number of atoms, 100 grams of sodium or 100 grams of iron.
Given: Atomic mass of Na=23u, Atomic mass of Fe= 56u
To calculate the number of atoms in 100g of sodium:
23g of Na contains = 6.022 x 1023 atoms
1g of Na contains = 6.022 x 1023 atoms / 23 32
100g of Na contains = 6.022 x 1023 atoms x 100 / 23
= 2.6182 x 1024 atoms
To calculate the number of atoms in 100g of sodium:
56g of Fe contains = 6.022 x 1023 atoms
1g of Fe contains = 6.022 x 1023 atoms / 56
100g of Fe contains = 6.022 x 1023 atoms x 100 / 56
= 1.075 x 1024 atoms
Hence, through comparison, it is evident that 100g of Na has more atoms

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Thank
You