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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING(PAVLOVIAN
THEORY)
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Conditioning Introduction

• Conditioning in behavioral psychology is a theory that the

reaction (response) to an object or event (stimulus) by a
person or an animal can be modified by “learning” or
conditioning

• Stimulus response (S-R) theories are central to the

principles of conditioning. They are based on the
assumption that human behavior is learned.
Stimulus Stimulus: A thing or event that
evokes a specific reaction in an
Provided Response organ
by By learner
instructor
Learning is
Behavior change

Response: A reaction as that of an

organism to a specific stimulus
Reinforce
ment
Provided
by
Instructor
 What is Classical Conditioning?
● Classical Conditioning: a type of learning that links a neutral stimulus - one
that evokes no special response except to call attention to it - to another
stimulus that elicits a natural or involuntary response in a given organism.
● The association between the two stimuli is one form of
associative learning - a learning in which ideas and experiences are mentally
linked and thereby reinforce each other.
• Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through
associations between an environment stimulus and a naturally
occurring stimulus.

• It had a major influence on behaviorism which is based on the

assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the
environment
About Ivan Pavlov:

• Born: September 26, 1849

• Was awarded the degree of candidate of

natural science in 1875

• Was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology

or Medicine 1904 in recognition of his work
on the physiology of digestion

• Died Feb 27, 1936

Components of Classical Conditioning

• The Unconditioned stimulus ( UCS): A stimulus that naturally, and

automatically triggers a response

• The unconditioned Response ( UCR): The unlearned response that occurs

naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus

• The Conditioned Stimulus ( CS): A previously neutral stimulus that when

paired with an unconditioned stimulus triggers a conditioned response.

• The Conditioned Response (CR) : Learned response to the previously neutral

stimulus.
PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENT
Principles of Classical Conditioning

• Acquisition -This is the initial stage of learning in which responses are established and then
strengthened as a result of repeated presentations or experiments.

• Extinction-Ifif we present conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus multiple times, the
conditioned response starts decreasing till it disappears e

• Spontaneous Recovery- A principle or stage of classical conditioning in which a conditioned response,

which has been extinguished earlier, reemerges after a long break is called spontaneous recovery .

• Stimulus Generalization- A phenomenon in which the stimuli, similar to the conditioned stimulus,
starts generating the same response as that generated by conditioned stimulus is called stimulus
generalization

• Stimulus Discrimination- The principle of classical conditioning in which one can differentiate
between two stimuli i.e. one can generate the response and the other cannot, is called stimulus
discrimination
Forward Conditioning

- Occurs when the neutral stimulus ( NS) appears just before and during the presentation of the unconditioned
stimulus (UCS). There are 2 types:

1. Delayed conditioning (forward) – the CS is presented before the US and it (CS) stays on until the US is
presented. This is generally the best, especially when the delay is short
2. Trace conditioning- Discrete event is presented, then the US occurs. Shorter the interval the better, but as you
can tell, this approach is not very effective.

Backward Conditioning
- Backward conditioning occurs when a Conditioned stimulus immediately follows a Unconditioned stimulus.
Second-order and Higher –order conditioning
- This form of conditioning follows a two- step procedure. First neutral stimulus (CS1) comes to signals US
through forward conditioning. Then a second neutral stimulus (CS2) is paired with the first (CS1) and
comes to yield its own conditioned response.

Temporal Conditioning
- In temporal conditioning a Unconditioned stimulus is presented at regular intervals for instance every 10
minutes
 Three Major Types of Learning/ Conditioning

Learning through Association (Classical Conditioning)- Classical conditioning is a type of

learning that happens unconsciously.
When you learn through classical conditioning, an automatic conditioned response is paired with
a specific stimulus.

2. Learning through consequences- (Operant Conditioning )- Operant conditioning is a learning

process whereby deliberate behaviors are reinforced through consequences. It differs from
classical conditioning, also called respondent or Pavlovian conditioning, in which involuntary
behaviors are triggered by external stimuli.

3. Learning through observation- (Modeling/ Observational Learning)- learning can occur by

watching others and then modeling what they do or say. This is known as observational learning.
There are specific steps in the process of modeling that must be followed if learning is to be
successful
Applications of Pavlov’s
Experiment
Behavioral Therapies
Exposure Therapy
Exposure therapy is a type of behavioral therapy that is
designed to help people manage problematic fears.
Through the use of various systematic techniques, a
person is gradually exposed to the situation that causes
them distress. The goal of exposure therapy is to create a
safe environment in which a person can reduce anxiety,
decrease avoidance of dreaded situations, and improve
one's quality of life.
Types of Exposure
Imaginal Exposure: In this type of exposure, a person in therapy is asked to
mentally confront the fear or situation by picturing it in one's mind.

In Vivo Exposure: When using this type of exposure, a person is exposed to

real-life objects and scenarios.

Virtual Reality Exposure: This type of exposure combines elements of both

imaginal and in vivo exposure so that a person is placed in situations that
appear real but are actually fabricated.
Aversion therapy- sometimes called aversive therapy or aversive
conditioning, is used to help a person give up a behavior or habit by
having them associate it with something unpleasant.

Aversion therapy is most known for treating people with addictive

behaviors, like those found in alcohol use disorder. Most research has been
focused on its benefits relating to substance use.
3 Ways to Use Classical Conditioning in
Therapy and Counseling
The problem with pattern matching
The brain performs a lightning fast search of our repertory of inherited and
learned pattern matches for the stimulus and triggers the matched response
before we’ve even had time to think. It works quite automatically and
unconsciously.
Here are 3 effective ways to use the power of pattern matching for therapeutic benefit

1. Use words
Words are all about association. A word is just a ‘block of sound’, of course, but we very quickly learn some
powerful pattern matches to words.

2. Use places
Places can have very strong associations. People who had a bad time in school decades ago might find
themselves feeling inexplicably uncomfortable if they have to enter a school classroom or similar setting as an
adult. They experience a pattern match to the environment, even if they may have forgotten all about what
happened.

3. Use physical patterns

If you go out for an evening of hilarity with a much loved and very witty friend, you may find after a while that
anything they say is hysterical. This is because you’ve been primed to associate the sound of their voice with
laughter.
THE END