Thermodynamics System

Thermodynamics
• Thermodynamics is the study of relationships between heat and other
energy forms.
• Another aspect of thermodynamics is the principle of which energy can
be used.
Example:
In a car,
•the engine burns gasoline inside the cylinder and is considered as a thermodynamic
system;
• the radiator, piston, exhaust system and air outside form the environment of the
system.
•The inner surfaces of the cylinder and piston are considered as the boundary.
 First Law of Thermodynamics

• The law of conservation of energy is the first law

of thermodynamics.

• Another aspect of thermodynamics is the principle

of which energy can be used.
 Law of Conservation of Energy
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

• It can, however, be converted (or transformed) from one form to another.

• Even though energy undergoes changes in form, the amount of energy in a

closed system remains the same.

• This principle is known as the law of conservation of energy.

 Second Law of Thermodynamics

• The second law of thermodynamics discusses the idea of entropy (lack

of order), which is the measure of disorder in a closed system
containing energy.

• The less order in a system, the greater its entropy is.

• In thermodynamics, entropy is given in terms of the heat transferred to

or from a substance at a known temperature.
• Consider an ice cube taken from the freezer and placed on a
kitchen counter.
• The counter and the surrounding air are warmer than the
freezer.
• Over time, the ice cube melts because the heat of the
countertop transfers thermal energy to the ice cube.
• One of the principles of the second law of thermodynamics is
that thermal energy is transferred from an object of higher
temperature to an object of lower temperature.
• This transfer of heat energy continues until both objects are
the same temperature or there is uniformity in the system.
• Thermal energy can never be transferred from an object with
a lower temperature to an object with a higher temperature.
Thermodynamic systems are classified as :
•Open systems
•Closed systems
•Isolated Systems
7
Open System
• If the thermodynamic system has the capacity to exchange both matter and
energy with its surroundings, it is said to be an open system.

Example:
• Consider a beaker in the presence of reactants in an open beaker.
• Here the boundary is an imaginary surface enclosing the beaker and reactants.
Example:
A steam turbine, a pool filled with water, where the water can enter or leave the
pool.
Closed System
• A system which has the ability to exchange only energy with its surroundings
and cannot exchange matter is known as a closed system.

Example:
Reactants placed in a closed vessel made of materials like steel, copper, and silver
are an ideal example of a closed system since the material of the vessel is
conducting in nature.
A cylinder in which the valve is closed is an example of a closed system. When
the cylinder is heated or cooled, it does not lose its mass.
Isolated System
A system which cannot exchange matter or energy with the surroundings is
known as an isolated system. The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that
thermodynamic processes do not affect the total energy of the system.
Example: Reactants are present in a thermos flask or an insulated vessel,
where neither energy nor matter is exchanged with the environment.
Example: If the piston and cylinder arrangement in which the fluid like air or
gas is being compressed or expanded is insulated, it becomes an isolated
system.
Read more about thermodynamics.
Q1
What is an open system?
If the thermodynamic system has the capacity to exchange both matter and energy with its surroundings, it is said to be an
open system.
Q2
What is a closed system?
A system which has the ability to exchange only energy with its surroundings and cannot exchange matter, it is known as a
closed system.
Q3
What is an isolated system?
A system which cannot exchange matter or energy with the surroundings, is known as an isolated system. The Zeroth law of
thermodynamics states that thermodynamic processes do not affect the total energy of the system.
Q4
State zeroth law of thermodynamics.
The Zeroth law of thermodynamics states that “if two thermodynamic systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system
separately, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.”.
Q5
What is meant by enthalpy?
It is the measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system.
Thermodynamics Directions:
Choose the best answer to the question.
1. What is the name of the law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed?
A. Conservation of matter
B. Newton’s third law
C. First law of thermodynamics
D. Second law of thermodynamics