CHE101_04_Summer21

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Chapter 4
Reactions in aqueous solutions
• Reactions in aqueous solution are important
components of physiology
• What happens when ionic salts are added to
water?
They either dissolve or don’t dissolve
Dissolution of Ionic Salts
• If ionic compounds are to be dissolved,

chemical bonds must be broken

Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+
Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl-
Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+


Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+
Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl- Ionic bonds

must be
Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+ broken

Cl - Na+
Cl- Na+
Na+ Cl- Na+ Na+ Cl-
Cl- Cl-
Na+
Now
consider
water
O H
H O H
O H H
H O H
H O H
H
Now
consider
water
O H
H O H
Separate the
O H H molecules
H O H
H O H
H
Now
consider
water
O H
H O H
Separate the
O H H molecules
H O H
H O H Requires
H energy
O H
H
H O H
O H
H O H
H O H
H
Na+ Form ion -
water
Cl- interactions
O H
H
H O H
O H
H O H
H O H
H
Na+ Form ion -
water
Cl- interactions
O H
H
H O H
Releases energy
O H
H O H
H O H
H
O H
O H
H
Cl-
Na+ H
O H
O H
H O H
H
H
O H
O H
H
Cl-
Na+ H
O H
O H
H O H
H
H
Also called
dissociation
Two Examples
Two Examples
Potassium chloride
KCl(s) K+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Two Examples
Potassium chloride
Silver nitrate
AgNO3(s) Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
Solutions
• Substances that completely dissolve form
transparent solutions (you can see through
them)
• May be colored or colorless
• Incomplete solution leads to
Colloidal suspensions
Solid precipitates
• Let’s pour my two solutions together...
What Happened!
What Happened!
What’s in solution?

What Happened!
What’s in solution?

What Happened!
A reaction must have occurred

What Happened!
A reaction must have occurred
But between what?

What’s the reaction?
1. Ag+ + K+ AgK
2. NO3- + Cl- NO3Cl
3. K+ + NO3- KNO3
4. Ag+ + Cl- AgCl
What’s the reaction?
1. Ag+ + K+ AgK
2. NO3- + Cl- NO3Cl
3. K+ + NO3- KNO3
4. Ag+ + Cl- AgCl
What Happened!
Two possibilities exist...

What Happened!

What Happened!

What Happened!

Don’t consider
cation-cation or
anion-anion pairs
because they
wouldAgNO 3(s)
repel each Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
other
What Happened!

In this instance, the
silver ion and
chloride ion form
an insoluble pair
What Happened!
Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)

What Happened!

White ppt
How about the K+ and NO3-?

White ppt
They’re still around …

White ppt
They’re still around … but in solution

White ppt
They’re still around … but in solution

White ppt
Ag+ + NO3- + K+ + Cl-

Ag+ + NO3- + K+ + Cl-

AgCl(s) + NO3- + K+
Net Ionic Equation
Ag+ + NO3- + K+ + Cl-

AgCl(s) + NO3- + K+
Net Ionic Equation
Total Ionic Equation

Ag+ + NO3- + K+ + Cl-
AgCl(s) + NO3- + K+
Net Ionic Equation

Ag+ + NO3- + K+ + Cl-
AgCl(s) + NO3- + K+
Spectator ions
Net Ionic Equation

Ag+ + NO3- + K+ + Cl-
AgCl(s) + NO3- + K+
Spectator ions - the same before

and after the reaction has occurred
Four Kinds of Reactions
• Appearance of a solid (precipitation)
• Formation of a gas (effervescence)
• Acid-base neutralization
• Oxidation-reduction (redox)
1. Precipitation Reaction
AgNO3 + KCl AgCl(s) + KNO3
Formula equation
Formula equation
Ionic compounds not

designated as an “(s)” for
solid are assumed to be
dissociated in aqueous
solution and often marked
“(aq)”
Formula equation
Ag+ + NO3- + K+ + Cl-

AgCl(s) + NO3- + K+
Total ionic equation
Formula equation
Ag+ + NO3- + K+ + Cl-

AgCl(s) + NO3- + K+
Spectator ions
Formula equation
Ag+ + NO3- + K+ + Cl-

AgCl(s) + NO3- + K+
Ag+ + Cl- AgCl(s)

Net ionic equation
2. Formation of a Gas
HCl + NaHCO3
Formula equation
HCl + NaHCO3
CO2(g) + H2O + NaCl(aq)
HCl + NaHCO3 Burp!

stomach Alka-Seltzer
acid
Formula equation
HCl + NaHCO3
Dissociated aqueous
ionic species?
Which of these is/are ionic?
1. HCl
2. NaHCO3
3. CO2
4. H2O
5. NaCl
Which of these is/are ionic?
1. HCl
2. NaHCO3
3. CO2
4. H2O
5. NaCl
Formula equation
HCl + NaHCO3
Dissociated aqueous
ionic species
Formula equation
HCl + NaHCO3
NOTE: HCl is a CO2(g) + H2O + NaCl(aq)
strong acid. Strong
acids are the only
covalent Dissociated aqueous
compounds that
completely species
dissociate in water.
Formula equation
HCl + NaHCO3
Strong acids CO2(g) + H2O + NaCl(aq)
include:
HCl, HBr,
HI, HNO3, Dissociated aqueous
H2SO4,
HClO4
species
H+ + Cl- + Na+ + HCO3-
CO2(g) + H2O + Na+ + Cl-
Dissociated aqueous
species
Formula equation
HCl + NaHCO3
H+ + Cl- + Na+ + HCO3-

CO2(g) + H2O + Na+ + Cl-
H+ + Cl- + Na+ + HCO3-
CO2(g) + H2O + Na+ + Cl-
Spectator ions?
Spectator ions?
H+ + Cl- + Na+ + HCO3-
CO2(g) + H2O + Na+ + Cl-
1. H+
2. Cl-
3. Na+
4. HCO3-
5. CO2
6. H2O
Spectator ions?
H+ + Cl- + Na+ + HCO3-
CO2(g) + H2O + Na+ + Cl-
1. H+
2. Cl-
3. Na+
4. HCO3-
5. CO2
6. H2O
3. Acid-Base Neutralization
HCl + NaOH
hydrochloric lye
acid
HCl + NaOH
hydrochloric lye
acid
NaCl(aq) + H2O
a salt water
Formula equation
HCl + NaOH
NaCl(aq) + H2O
Dissociated aqueous
species?
Dissociated aqueous species?
1. HCl
2. NaOH
3. NaCl
4. H2O
Dissociated aqueous species?
1. HCl covalent - a strong acid
2. NaOH ionic – starts with a metal
3. NaCl ionic – starts with a metal
4. H2O covalent – not a strong acid
Formula equation
HCl + NaOH
Strong acids
NaCl(aq) + H2O
include:
HCl, HBr,
HI, HNO3, Dissociated aqueous
H2SO4,
HClO4
species?
Formula equation
HCl + NaOH
NaCl(aq) + H2O
Dissociated aqueous
species
Formula equation
HCl + NaOH
NaCl(aq) + H2O
H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH-
Na+ + Cl- + H2O
H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH-

Na+ + Cl- + H2O
Spectator ions?
Spectator ions?
H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH-

H2O + Na+ + Cl-
1. H+
2. Cl-
3. Na+
4. OH-
5. H2O
Spectator ions?
H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH-

H2O + Na+ + Cl-
1. H+
2. Cl-
3. Na+
4. OH-
5. H2O
H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH-

Na+ + Cl- + H2O
Spectator ions?
H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH-

Na+ + Cl- + H2O
Net ionic equation
H+ + OH- H2O
H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH-

Na+ + Cl- + H2O
Net ionic equation
H+ + OH- H2O
NOTE: This is ALWAYS the net ionic
equation for an acid-base neutralization
reaction!
4. Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)
8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ + MnO4-
iron(II) permanganate
Purple solution
8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ + MnO4-
Purple solution
8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ + MnO4-
5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O

iron(III) manganese (II)
Purple solution
8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ + MnO4-
5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O

Orange solution
Purple solution
8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ + MnO4-
5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O

Orange solution
8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ + MnO4-
5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O
8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ + MnO4-
5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O
Each iron(II) loses an electron...
8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ + MnO4-
5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e-
8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ + MnO4-
5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e- Oxidation

8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ + MnO4-
5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O
Permanganate gains 5 electrons...
8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ + MnO4-
5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O
8 H+ + MnO4- + 5 e-
Mn2+ + 4 H2O
8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ + MnO4-
5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O
8 H+ + MnO4- + 5 e-
Mn2+ + 4 H2O Reduction
Note how in a net ionic equation, the
charges balance
8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ + MnO4-
5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O
charges balance
8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ + MnO4-
5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O
8(+1)
charges balance
8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ + MnO4-
5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O
8(+1) + 5(+2)
charges balance
8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ + MnO4-
5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O
8(+1) + 5(+2) + (-1)

charges balance
8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ + MnO4-
5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O
8(+1) + 5(+2) + (-1) =

charges balance
8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ + MnO4-
5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O
8(+1) + 5(+2) + (-1) = 5(+3)

charges balance
8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ + MnO4-
5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O
8(+1) + 5(+2) + (-1) = 5(+3) +

(+2)
charges balance
8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ + MnO4-
5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O
8(+1) + 5(+2) + (-1) = 5(+3) +
(+2)
charges balance
8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ + MnO4-
5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O
8(+1) + 5(+2) + (-1) = 5(+3) +
(+2)
8 + 10 - 1 = 15 + 2
charges balance
8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ + MnO4-
5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O
8(+1) + 5(+2) + (-1) = 5(+3) +
(+2)
8 + 10 - 1 = 15 + 2
17 = 17
Identifying reaction types
• Precipitation: Ionic compound with (s)
. as a
product
• Gas formation: Covalent compound with
. (g) as a product

. as a
product
. (g) as a product
• Acid-base
neutralization: . HX +
YOH a salt + H2O
. as a
product
. (g) as a product
• Acid-base
neutralization: . HX +
YOH a salt + H2O
• Redox: None of the above
Hints on Ionic Equations
• To get the total ionic equation from the
formula equation, just dissociate any ionic
compounds without an (s) and any strong
acids
K2SO4 dissociates to 2 K+ + SO42-
2 HBr dissociates to 2 H+ + 2 Br-
H2SO4 dissociates to 2 H+ + SO42-
What kind of Reaction?
H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4(s) + 2 HCl
1. Precipitation
2. Gas formation
3. Acid-base
4. Redox
1. Precipitation
2. Gas formation
3. Acid-base
4. Redox
What kind of reaction?
• To get the net ionic equation from the total
ionic equation, discard any spectator ions
Precipitation!
What dissociates?
1. H2SO4
2. BaCl2
3. BaSO4(s)
4. HCl
5. 1, 2 & 4
What dissociates?
1. H2SO4 covalent – a strong acid

2. BaCl2 ionic – starts with a metal
3. BaSO4(s)
4. HCl covalent – strong acid
5. 1, 2 & 4
What dissociates?
1. H2SO4 covalent – a strong acid

2. BaCl2 ionic – starts with a metal
Don’t dissociate an ionic
3. BaSO4(s) compound with an (s)!
4. HCl covalent – strong acid
5. 1, 2 & 4
Precipitation reaction
Ionic salt
Strong acids
What does H2SO4 dissociate to?
1. 2 H+ + SO42-
2. 2 H+ + S2- + 4 O2-
3. H22+ + S2- + 4 O2-
4. H22+ + SO42-
What does H2SO4 dissociate to?
1. 2 H+ + SO42-
2. 2 H+ + S2- + 4 O2-
3. H22+ + S2- + 4 O2-
4. H22+ + SO42-
What does BaCl2 dissociate to?
1. Ba2+ + Cl22-
2. Ba2+ + Cl-
3. Ba+ + 2 Cl-
4. Ba2+ + 2 Cl-
What does BaCl2 dissociate to?
1. Ba2+ + Cl22-
2. Ba2+ + Cl-
3. Ba+ + 2 Cl-
4. Ba2+ + 2 Cl-
2 H+ + SO42- + Ba2+ + 2 Cl-

BaSO4(s) + 2 H+ + 2
Cl-
2 H+ + SO42- + Ba2+ + 2 Cl-

BaSO4(s) + 2 H+ + 2
Cl-
2 H+ + SO42- + Ba2+ + 2 Cl-

BaSO4(s) + 2 H+ + 2
Net
Cl- ionic reaction is cation + anion => precipitate
H2SO4 + 2 LiOH Li2SO4 + 2 H2O
1. Precipitation
2. Gas formation
3. Acid-base
4. Redox
1. Precipitation
2. Gas formation
3. Acid-base
4. Redox
A salt
A salt + water
Acid + base
Acid-Base Neutralization
Acid + base
What dissociates?
1. H2SO4
2. LiOH
3. Li2SO4
4. H2O
5. Everything
6. 1, 2, & 3
What dissociates?
1. H2SO4 covalent - a strong acid
2. LiOH ionic – starts with a metal
3. Li2SO4 ionic – starts with a metal
4. H2O covalent – not a strong acid
5. Everything
6. 1, 2, & 3
Ionic salts
Strong acid
Covalent, not
strong acid,
DON’T
DISSOCIATE!
What does 2 LiOH dissociate to?
1. Li+ + OH-
2. 2 Li+ + 2 OH-
3. Li22+ + 2 OH-
4. Li2+ + OH2-
What does 2 LiOH dissociate to?
1. Li+ + OH-
2. 2 Li+ + 2 OH-
3. Li22+ + 2 OH-
4. Li2+ + OH2-
2 H+ + SO42- + 2 Li+ + 2 OH-

2 Li+ + SO42- + 2 H2O
2 H+ + SO42- + 2 Li+ + 2 OH-

2 Li+ + SO42- + 2 H2O
2 H+ + 2 OH- 2 H2O
2 H+ + SO42- + 2 Li+ + 2 OH-

2 Li+ + SO42- + 2 H2O
Acid/base net ionic equation is always H+ + OH- => H2O
2 H+ + 2 OH- 2 H2O
2 H+ + SO42- + 2 Li+ + 2 OH-

2 Li+ + SO42- + 2 H2O
Acid/base net ionic equation is always H+ + OH- => H2O
2 H+ + 2 OH- 2 H2O
Cl2 + 2 KBr Br2 + 2 KCl
1. Precipitation
2. Gas formation
3. Acid-base
4. Redox
1. Precipitation
2. Gas formation
3. Acid-base
4. Redox
What Kind of Reaction?
No solid product - not precipitation


No gaseous product - not gas formation

No gaseous product - not gas formation
No HX + YOH - not acid/base
It’s a redox reaction!

Redox reaction
Now dissociate ionics and strong

acids.
What dissociates?
1. Cl2
2. KBr
3. Br2
4. KCl
5. 1&3
6. 2&4
7. Everything
What dissociates?
1. Cl2 covalent – not a strong acid
2. KBr ionic – starts with a metal
3. Br2 covalent – not a strong acid
4. KCl ionic – starts with a metal
5. 1&3
6. 2&4
7. Everything
Cl2 + 2 K+ + 2 Br- Br2 + 2 K+ + 2 Cl-
Covalent Covalent
molecule molecule
Cl2 + 2 K+ + 2 Br- Br2 + 2 K+ + 2 Cl-
Spectator ions?
Cl2 + 2 K+ + 2 Br- Br2 + 2 K+ + 2 Cl-
Spectator ions?
Cl2 + 2 K+ + 2 Br- Br2 + 2 K+ + 2 Cl-
Cl2 + 2 Br- Br2 + 2 Cl-

Precipitation
Detailed Descriptions
Solubility Rules
• “Always” soluble Except
Ammonium salts (NH4+)
Lithium salts (Li+)
Sodium salts (Na+)
Potassium salts (K+)
Nitrate salts (NO3-)
Acetate salts (CH3COO-) Ag+ moderately
…………………………………..soluble
Solubility Rules
• Usually soluble Except
Solubility Rules
Chloride salts (Cl-) Ag+, Hg22+
Bromide salts (Br-) Pb2+ salts not
soluble Iodide salts (I-) in cold water
Sulfate salts (SO42-) Ba2+, Sr2+, Pb2+, Hg2+

salts not soluble
Solubility Rules

salts not soluble
Solubility Rules
• Mostly insoluble Except
Solubility Rules
Carbonate salts (CO32-) Soluble with
Phosphate salts (PO43-) “always”
cations
Sulfide salts (S2-)
Solubility Rules
Carbonate salts (CO32-) Soluble with
Phosphate salts (PO43-) “always”
cations
Sulfide salts (S2-)
Hydroxide salts (OH-) Soluble with

“always”,
slightly soluble
with Ba2+
Applying Solubility Rules
• Look for cation and/or anion on chart
One (or both) “always” Soluble
Anion “usually soluble” Depends on
cation
Applying Solubility Rules
• Look for cation and/or anion on chart
One (or both) “always” Soluble
Anion “usually soluble” Depends on
cation
Anion “mostly insoluble” Only soluble with
“always” or special
cations
Examples
Ag2CO3 silver carbonate
Examples
Ag+ CO32-
Examples
Ag+ CO32-
not “always”
Examples
Ag+ CO32-
not “always” mostly insoluble
Examples
Ag+ CO32-
not “always” mostly insoluble
Conclusion: Not soluble

Examples
AgNO3 silver nitrate
Examples
Ag+ NO3-
Examples
Ag+ NO3-
not “always”
Examples
Ag+ NO3-
not “always” “always” soluble
Examples
Ag+ NO3-
not “always” “always” soluble
Conclusion: soluble
Is PbSO4 soluble?
1. Yes
2. No
Is PbSO4 soluble?
1. Yes
2. No
Examples
PbSO4 lead sulfate
Examples
PbSO4 lead sulfate
Pb2+ SO42-
Examples
PbSO4 lead sulfate
Pb2+ SO42-
not “always”
Examples
PbSO4 lead sulfate
Pb2+ SO42-
not “always” usually soluble
Exception?
Solubility Rules

salts not soluble
Examples
PbSO4 lead sulfate
Pb2+ SO42-
not “always” usually soluble
Conclusion: not soluble

Examples
When two solutions are mixed and a precipitate
forms, one of the new cation-anion pairs is not
soluble.
Examples
soluble.
Na3PO4(aq) + Fe(NO3)3(aq) ppt

Examples
soluble.
What is the precipitate’s identity?

Examples
1st new
pair
Examples
“always”
1st new
pair
Examples
“always” + “always”
1st new
pair
Examples
“always” + “always”
1st new
pair
soluble
Examples
2nd new
pair
Examples
mostly 2nd new

insoluble pair
Examples
mostly not 2nd new

+ pair
insoluble “always”
Examples
insoluble
mostly not 2nd new
+ pair
Examples
insoluble
2nd new
soluble pair
Examples
insoluble
mostly not 2nd new
+ pair
insoluble
Fe3+ + PO43- FePO4(s)

Examples
Na3PO4(aq) + Fe(NO3)3(aq)
3 NaNO3 (aq) + FePO4(s)

Formula equation
Examples

Formula equation
Dissociated ionic
compounds?
Examples

Formula equation
Dissociated ionic
compounds?
Examples
3 Na+ + PO43- + Fe3+ + 3 NO3-
3 Na+ + 3 NO3- + FePO4(s)

Examples
3 Na+ + PO43- + Fe3+ + 3 NO3-
3 Na+ + 3 NO3- + FePO4(s)

Spectator ions?
Examples
3 Na+ + PO43- + Fe3+ + 3 NO3-
3 Na+ + 3 NO3- + FePO4(s)

Spectator ions
Examples
PO43- + Fe3+ FePO4(s)
net ionic equation

Examples

Formula equation
Examples

Formula equation
Examples
Na3PO43-q) + Fe3+(NO3)3(aq)

Net ionic equation
Examples
soluble.
2 NaOH(aq) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) ppt
What is the precipitate’s identity?

2 NaOH(aq) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) ? ppt
1. Na2Cu
2. NaNO3
3. 2 OHNO3
4. Cu(OH)2
1. Na2Cu cation + cation - will repel
2. NaNO3
3. 2 OHNO3
4. Cu(OH)2
2. NaNO3 “always” cation + “always” anion
3. 2 OHNO3
4. Cu(OH)2
anion + anion - will repel

3. 2 OHNO3
4. Cu(OH)2

3. 2 OHNO3
4. Cu(OH)2 not “always” cation + mostly insoluble
anion

3. 2 OHNO3
4. Cu(OH)2 not “always” cation + mostly insoluble
ppt anion
Examples
soluble.
2 NaOH(aq) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)
Cu(OH)2(s) + 2 NaNO3
Hydroxides are only
soluble with “always” or
special cations
Examples
soluble.
Examples
soluble.
Examples
soluble.
2 OH- + Cu2+ 3 Cu(OH)2(s)

Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)
• Oxidation-reduction transfers control of
electrons from one species to another
• An element or molecule that loses control
of electrons is oxidized
• An element or molecule that gains control
of electrons is reduced
• “Oil rig” Oxidation is loss; reduction is
gain
Redox needs a cast of two
• Oxidation and reduction usually happen
together
• Something is oxidized while something else
is reduced
• This just really says electrons are handed
off from the oxidized species to the reduced
species
Redox needs a cast of two
• The most common oxidizing agent is the
oxygen in air (hence the term)
• Targets of oxidizing agents are fuels
– Wood
– Food
– Gasoline
– Metal
Common Redox Processes
• Combustion
• Explosions
• Corrosion of metals
• Respiration and photosynthesis
• Bleaching
• Antisepsis
• Batteries
Oxidation Numbers
• How can you tell when a redox reaction has
occurred?
• Use oxidation numbers for electronic
bookkeeping
• The higher the oxidation number, the more
oxidized a species is
• The lower the oxidation number, the more
reduced a species is
Oxidation Numbers - Rule 1
• Elements in their standard states have
an oxidation number of zero.
H2(g) O2(g) Cl2(g) Fe(s) P4(s)
What’s the oxidation number of Br
in Br2(l)?
1. -2
2. -1
3. 0
4. +1
What’s the oxidation number of Br
in Br2(l)?
1. -2
2. -1
The oxidation number of an element
3. 0 in its standard state is 0
4. +1
• Monatomic ions have oxidation
numbers equal to their charges
Cl- = -1
Fe2+ = +2
N3- = -3
What’s the oxidation number of Na
in NaCl?
1. -1
2. 0
3. +1
4. +2
in NaCl?
1. -1
2. 0
The oxidation number of a
3. +1 monatomic ion is equal to its
4. +2 charge. NaCl is made up of an Na+
cation and a Cl- anion. Thus, Na+
has an oxidation number of +1.
What’s the oxidation number of S in
Na2S?
1. -2
2. -1
3. 0
4. +2
What’s the oxidation number of S in
Na2S?
The oxidation number of a monatomic
1. -2 ion is equal to its charge. Since Na2S is
2. -1 made up of 2 Na+ cations and a S2- anion,
S2- has an oxidation number of -2.
3. 0
4. +2
• Oxygen has an oxidation number of -2
in compounds except in…
-O-O- -1 peroxides
What’s the oxidation number of O in
H2O2, hydrogen peroxide?
1. -2
2. -1
3. 0
4. +1
1. -2
2. -1
This is NOT O2(g) as a
3. 0
pure element in its
4. +1 standard state!
1. -2
The oxidation number of O in a
2. -1 peroxide is -1
3. 0
4. +1
• Hydrogen has an oxidation number of
+1 in compounds except in hydrides
e.g., LiH, lithium hydride
H- -1 hydride ion
(monatomic ion, Rule 2)
What’s the oxidation number of H in
H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)?
1. -1
2. 0
3. +1
4. +2
1. -1
2. 0
This is NOT H2(g) as a
3. +1
pure element in its
4. +2 standard state!
1. -1
2. 0
The oxidation number of H in a
3. +1 compound (except hydrides) is +1
4. +2
What’s the oxidation number of Au
in Au(s)?
1. -2
2. 0
3. +1
4. +2
What’s the oxidation number of Au
in Au(s)?
1. -2
The oxidation number of a pure
2. 0 element in its standard state is 0
3. +1
4. +2
NH3?
1. -1
2. 0
3. +1
4. +2
NH3?
1. -1
2. 0
The oxidation number of H in a
3. +1 compound (except hydrides) is +1
4. +2
C6H12O6, glucose?
1. -2
2. -1
3. 0
4. +6
C6H12O6, glucose?
The oxidation number of O in
1. -2 compounds (except peroxides) is -2
2. -1
3. 0
4. +6
• Oxidation numbers on neutral
molecules or neutral ionic formulas
add to zero
• Oxidation numbers on polyatomic ions
add to the ion charge
Rule 5 Examples
Rule 5 Examples
H2O
Rule 5 Examples
+1
H2O
H is +1 in compounds
Rule 5 Examples
+1 -2
H2O
O is -2 in compounds
Rule 5 Examples
+1 -2
H2O
The sum of the oxidation numbers
must add to the species charge
Rule 5 Examples
+1 -2
H2O
must add to the species charge
2(+1) + (-2) = 0
Rule 5 Examples
Rule 5 Examples
SO4 2-
Sulfate ion
Rule 5 Examples
SO4 2-

must add to the ion charge
Rule 5 Examples
SO4 2-
(+6) + 4(-2) = -2
Rule 5 Examples
SO4 2-
(+6) + 4(-2) = -2
Oxygen is -2 in compounds
Rule 5 Examples
SO4 2-
(+6) + 4(-2) = -2
Rule 5 Examples
SO4 2-
(+x) + 4(-2) = -2
What must sulfur have as an oxidation
number to make the sum -2?
Rule 5 Examples
SO4 2-
(+x) + 4(-8) = -2
Rule 5 Examples
SO4 2-
(+x) + 4(-8) = -2
+8 +8
Rule 5 Examples
SO4 2-
(+x) + 4(-8) = -2
+8 +8
x = +6
Rule 5 Examples
SO4 2-
(+6) + 4(-8) = -2
Rule 5 Examples
SO4 2-
(+6) + 4(-8) = -2
Sulfur is in the +6 state
Rule 5 Examples
SO4 2-
(+6) + 4(-8) = -2
Sulfur is in the +6 state Oxygen is in the -2 state
What is the oxidation number of S in
SO32-?
1. 0
2. +2
3. +4
4. +6
Rule 5 Examples
SO3 2-
Sulfite ion
Rule 5 Examples
SO3 2-

must add to the ion charge
Rule 5 Examples
SO3 2-
(+6) + 3(-2) = -2
Rule 5 Examples
SO3 2-
(+6) + 3(-2) = -2
Oxygen is -2 in compounds
Rule 5 Examples
SO3 2-
(+6) + 3(-2) = -2
Rule 5 Examples
SO3 2-
(+x) + 3(-2) = -2
Rule 5 Examples
SO3 2-
(+x) + 4(-6) = -2
Rule 5 Examples
SO3 2-
(+x) + 4(-6) = -2
+6 +6
Rule 5 Examples
SO3 2-
(+x) + 4(-6) = -2
+6 +6
x = +4
Rule 5 Examples
SO3 2-
(+4) + 4(-6) = -2
Rule 5 Examples
SO3 2-
(+4) + 4(-6) = -2
Sulfur is in the +4 state
Rule 5 Examples
SO3 2-
(+4) + 4(-6) = -2
Sulfur is in the +4 state Oxygen is in the -2 state
Aha!
• The difference between sulfate and sulfite
lies in the oxidation state of sulfur
It’s S +6 in sulfate
It’s S +4 in sulfite
Rule 5 Examples
Rule 5 Examples
I3 -
Triiodide ion
Rule 5 Examples
I3 -
1
3(- 3 ) = -1
Rule 5 Examples
I3 -
1
3(x 3 ) = -1
Rule 5 Examples
I3 -
1
3(x 3 ) = -1
x = -1/3
Rule 5 Examples
I3 -
1
3(- 3 ) = -1
Rule 5 Examples
I3 -
1
3(- 3 ) = -1
1
Iodine is in the - 3 state
in Na2CrO4?
1. -1
2. 0
3. +1
4. +2
in Na2CrO4?
1. -1
2. 0
Na2CrO4 is an ionic salt made of
3. +1
two Na+ cations and one CrO42-
4. +2 anion. By Rule 2, the oxidation
number of a single atom ion is equal
to its charge.
Na2CrO4?
1. -2
2. -1
3. 0
4. +2
Na2CrO4?
By Rule 3, oxygen has an oxidation
1. -2 number of -2 in compounds
2. -1
3. 0
4. +2
What’s the oxidation number of Cr
in Na2CrO4?
1. -2
2. 0
3. +3
4. +6
in Na2CrO4?
1. -2
2. 0
3. +3
By Rule 5, the oxidation numbers in
4. +6 a neutral formula must add to 0.
in Na2CrO4?
1. -2
2. 0
3. +3
By Rule 5, the oxidation numbers in
4. +6 a neutral formula must add to 0.
2(Na #) + (Cr#) + 4 (O#) = 0
2(+1) + x + 4 (-2) = 0
2 + x - 8 = 0
x - 6 = 0
x = +6
Oxidation Number Rule 6
• Oxidation numbers in covalent
compounds and polyatomic ions can be
determined from Lewis structures
• Give both electrons in each bond to the
more electronegative element; split e-’s
between same or equal e.n. elements
Oxidation Number Rule 6
• Compare e- number to valence e-’s
-1 for each extra e-
+1 for each e- short
# val e- - # assigned e- = oxid. no.
Example: Carbon Dioxide
O C O
O C O
Oxygen is more e.n.

than carbon.
O C O
Assigned e-’s = 8
Oxygen is more e.n.
than carbon.
O C O
Assigned e-’s = 8
Oxygen is more e.n. Valance e-’s = 6
than carbon.
O C O
Assigned e-’s = 8
than carbon. Two extra e-’s
O C O
Assigned e-’s = 8
Oxid. no. = 6 – 8 = -2
-2
O C O
Assigned e-’s = 8
Oxid. number = -2
-2
O C O
Assigned e-’s = 8
The other oxygen is Valance e-’s = 6
the same Two extra e-’s
Oxid. no. = 6 – 8 = -2
-2 -2
O C O
Assigned e-’s = 8
The other oxygen is Valance e-’s = 6
the same Two extra e-’s
Oxid. number = -2
-2 -2
O C O
All the e-’s for

carbon have been
assigned away!
-2 -2
O C O
Assigned e-’s = 0
All the e-’s for
carbon have been
assigned away!
-2 -2
O C O
Assigned e-’s = 0
All the e-’s for Valance e-’s = 4
carbon have been
assigned away!
-2 -2
O C O
Assigned e-’s = 0
carbon have been 4 e-’s short
assigned away!
-2 -2
O C O
Assigned e-’s = 0
assigned away!
Oxid. no. = 4 – 0 = +4
-2 +4 -2
O C O
Assigned e-’s = 0
assigned away!
Oxid. number = +4
-2 +4 -2
O C O
-2 +4 -2
O C O
+4 is the highest
oxidation state for
carbon
-2 +4 -2
O C O
Note that the oxidation
numbers add to zero
-2 +4 -2
O C O
Note that the oxidation
numbers add to zero
(-2) + (+4) + (-2) = 0
What’s the oxidation number of C2?
1. -4
2. -3
3. -2
4. 0

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Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

• If ionic compounds are to be dissolved,

• If ionic compounds are to be dissolved,

Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+

Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl-

Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+

• If ionic compounds are to be dissolved,

Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+

Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl- Ionic bonds

• If ionic compounds are to be dissolved,

Na+ Cl- Na+ Na+ Cl-

KCl(s) K+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

AgNO3(s) Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

KCl(s) K+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

AgNO3(s) Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

KCl(s) K+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

AgNO3(s) Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

KCl(s) K+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

AgNO3(s) Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

But between what?

KCl(s) K+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

AgNO3(s) Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

KCl(s) K+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

AgNO3(s) Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

KCl(s) K+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

AgNO3(s) Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

KCl(s) K+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

KCl(s) K+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)

Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)

Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)

Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)

Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)

Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)

Ag+ + NO3- + K+ + Cl-

Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)

Ag+ + NO3- + K+ + Cl-

Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)

Ag+ + NO3- + K+ + Cl-

Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)

Total Ionic Equation

Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)

Total Ionic Equation

Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)

Total Ionic Equation

Spectator ions - the same before

Ionic compounds not

Ag+ + NO3- + K+ + Cl-

Ag+ + NO3- + K+ + Cl-

Ag+ + NO3- + K+ + Cl-

Ag+ + Cl- AgCl(s)

HCl + NaHCO3 Burp!

H+ + Cl- + Na+ + HCO3-

H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH-

H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH-

H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH-

H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH-

H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH-

H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH-