PRACTICAL

RESEARCH 2
Gumaca Integrated School
Senior High School
Grade 12
 SAMPLING
PROCEDURE &
THE SAMPLE
Population &
Sample
Population
-is the totality of all the objects, elements,
persons, and characteristics under
consideration. It is understood that this
population possesses common
characteristics about which the research
aims to explore.
 Two Types of Population
1. Target Population
-actual population
2. Accessible Population
-the portion of the population in which
the researcher has reasonable access.
Example:
Target population: All Senior High School
Students enrolled in Science, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) in
the Division of Quezon.
Accessible population: All Senior High
School enrolled, STEM strand at Gumaca
Integrated School.
When the whole population is too costly
or time-consuming or impractical to
consider, then, a sample representative
is identified.
Sampling
-pertains to the systematic process of
selecting the group to be analyzed in the
research study. The goal is to get
information from a group that
represents the target population.
Sample
-The representative subset of the
population.
Example:
All the 240 Senior High School Students
enrolled in Science, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)
Strand in a school, for example, constitute
the population; 60 of those students
constitute the sample.
Sample Size Determination

A sample (n) is a selection of respondents

for a research study to represent the total
population (N).
Reason why use sample:
1. A sample saves time compared to
doing a complete census which
requires more time.
Reason why use sample:
2. A sample saves money because it
is less costly than conducting a
complete census.
Reason why use sample:
3. A sample allows more particular
attention to be given to a number of
elements than when doing a census.
Reason why use sample:
4. Some research studies in the
industry may only be performed on
a sample of items. Foe example,
testing the length of time a battery
will last.
Approaches in Identifying the
Sample Size
1. Heuristics
This approach refers to the general rule
or rule of the thumb for sample size. This
is the earliest established approach for
sample sizes for different research
designs.
 Suggested Number of
Research Design Subjects/Participants
Descriptive Research 10% to 20% maybe
required
Comparative Research 15 subjects or groups
Survey 800
Correlational 100 to 200
Ex post facto 30+
Experimental 30 or more
2. Formulas. Formulas are also being
established for the computation of an
acceptable sample size. You can use different
formulas depending on what you know and
do not know about the population. These
tools are also available online.
Example Formula: SLOVIN’S FORMULA

Margin of error is the allowable error margin in

research. A confidence interval of 95% gives a
margin of error of 5%; a 98% gives a margin of
error of 2%; a 99% confidence interval gives a
1% margin of error.
 SLOVIN’S FORMULA
n=N / (1+Ne2)
where:
n= sample size
N= total population
e= margin of error
Example 1:
A researcher wants to conduct a survey.
If the population of a big university is
35,000, find the sample size if the
margin of error is 5%.
Example 1:
Suppose you plan to conduct a study
among 1,500 Grade 11 students enrolled
in the STEM strand. How many
respondents are needed using a margin
of error of 2%?
General Classifications of Sampling
1. Probability Sampling
2. Non-Probability Sampling
1. Probability Sampling
 Simple Random Sampling
 Systematic Random Sampling
 Stratified Random Sampling
 Cluster Sampling
2. Non-Probability Sampling
 Convenience Sampling
 Snowball Sampling
 Purposive Sampling
 Quota Sampling
Probability Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling
-most frequently used type of
probability sampling. This is characterized by
the idea that the chance of selection is the
same for every member of the population.
For example, assume that you want to conduct
a survey of 100 senior high school students in a
certain private school. To get the desired
sample size of 100, you can do the selection
process, either manually or electronically,
ensuring that each student in the population
has an equal chance of being drawn.
Probability Sampling
2. Systematic Random Sampling
-follows specific steps and procedures
in doing the random selection of the samples.
It requires the list of the elements and every
nth element in the list is drawn for inclusion
in the sample.
If for instance, you have a list of 5,000 persons and
you need a sample of 500, here are the steps to
follow:
-Divide the number of elements in the population
by the desired sample size. In this case, you divide
5,000 by 500 which gives a value of 10.
-Choose a random number between one (1) and the
value you obtained from step 1.
In this example, you choose a number between 1
and 10, let’s say you choose 5.
-Starting with the number you picked which is 5,
you take every tenth (10th) and you use 5 as your
starting point. Thus, you have to select the samples
whose numbers are 5,15,25,35,45 and so on until
you reach the desired sample size of 500.
Probability Sampling
3. Stratified Random Sampling
-In this type of sampling, the
population is organized into homogenous
subsets before drawing the samples. With this
sampling, the population is divided into
subpopulation called strata. If your
Variable of interest is economic status based
on the family combined income levels (low,
average, high income with specific numerical
value of annual family income per level).
When these have been determined, you may
draw a sample from each stratum with a
separate draw from each of the different
strata.
Probability Sampling
3. Cluster Sampling
-most large-scale surveys use cluster
sampling method. This is used when the
target respondents in a research study is
spread across a geographical location. Cluster
sampling may be classified as
Either single-stage, two-stage cluster, or
multi-stage cluster. In single-stage, all the
members from each of the selected clusters
are used in the sampling process. In two-
stage, a subset of elements within each
selected cluster is randomly selected for
inclusion. In multi-stage, more than two steps
clusters. Examples are those which consider
geographical clustering as provinces, towns
or cities. Thus, multi-stage sampling takes a
large population into account.
Non-Probability Sampling
1. Convenience Sampling
-This is a method of selecting samples
that are available and are capable of
participating in a research study. This
method is sometimes called availability
sampling.
 An example would be conducting a
survey or interview on a captive audience
inside a mall or park or school to obtain a
quick response of public opinion on an issue
about election of public officials.
Non-Probability Sampling
2. Snowball Sampling
-a technique where the researcher
identifies a key informant about a research of
interest and then ask that respondent to refer
or identify another respondent who can
participate in the study.
The identification of the samples follows a
multiplier effect, that is, one person is asked to
refer the researcher to another respondent and
so on. This technique is applicable when
researchers find difficulty in locating special
numbers of a population. The chain referral
procedure allows the researcher to reach the
desired samples.
Non-Probability Sampling
3. Purposive Sampling
-sometimes called judgmental or
subjective sampling employs a procedure in
which samples are chosen for a special
purpose.
For example, you may want to conduct a
study on why Grade 11 students chose the
Voc-Tech track over the Academic Track.
You, therefore, find your samples and your
first question would be “Are you planning to
go to the university?” Those who will say
“No” would not be included in the study.
Non-Probability Sampling
4. Quota Sampling
-gathering a representative sample
from a group based on certain characteristics
of the population chosen by the researcher. If
the specific condition for example, is for both
genders, males and
Females are to be represented equally in the
sample group, then if 60 representatives are
needed, then you get 30 males and 30 females
from each group.