Leader ship Chương 5

Chapter 5
Part One: Individuals As Leaders
Influencing: Power,
Politics,
Networking, and
Negotiation
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Leadership: Theory, application and skill development
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Power
• Recall – leadership is the influencing
process of leaders and followers.
• Power is the leader’s potential influence
over followers.
> Power is the potential to influence, not the
actual use of power.
> Often the perception of power influences
others.
Sources of Power
• There are two sources of power:
> Position power – derived from top
management, and delegated down the chain of
command, and
> Personal power – derived from the followers
based on the leader’s behavior.
o Nonmanagers can have personal power but only
managers can have position power.
o Successful leaders share power (empowerment) by
pushing power down the chain of command.
Legitimate Power
• Legitimate power is based on the user’s
position power, given by the organization.
> Appropriate use of legitimate power:
o When asking people to do something that is within
the scope of their job.
o Helpful to use the consultation influencing tactic.
⮚ Seek and are open to input.
⮚ Also known as participative management and empowering
employees.
Legitimate Use of Rational Persuasion
• Managers find the rational persuasion

influencing tactic helpful:
o when meeting objectives through employees, or
o dealing with higher-level managers over whom they
have no authority.
> Includes logical arguments with factual evidence.
• When persuading others, the ingratiation
influencing tactic is helpful:
> Give praise before asking for what you want.
Guidelines for a rational persuasion
Explain how Provide Explain how

Explain why meeting the evidence problems or
objective objective the concerns
needs met. benefits the objective will be
other party. can be met. handled.
Increasing Legitimate Power
Guidelines for increasing legitimate power:
> Increase management experience,
o Could be part of the job such as team leader.
> Exercise authority regularly,
o Follow up making sure objectives are met.
> Follow rational persuasion guidelines,
o Especially when authority is questioned.
> Back up your authority with rewards and
punishment.
Reward Power
• Reward power is based on the user’s
ability to influence others with something
of value to them.
> A leader’s power is strong or weak based on
ability to punish and reward followers.
> An important part of reward power is having
control over getting and allocating resources.
Appropriate Use of Reward Power
• Employees should be rewarded for doing a
good job.
• Managers find the exchange influencing
tactic helpful when dealing with others
over whom they have no authority.
> Offer a reward for helping meet objective.
> Incentive can be anything of value.
Guidelines for increasing reward power
• Gain/maintain control over evaluating performance,
determining raises, promotions and other rewards.
Gain
• Find out what others value and reward people in

that way.
Find
• Let people know you control rewards and state your

criteria for giving rewards.
Let
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Coercive Power
• The use of coercive power involves
punishment and withholding of rewards to
influence compliance.
> Also called the pressure influencing tactic.
• Appropriate use of coercive power:
> Coercive power is appropriate to use in
maintaining discipline and enforcing rules.
> Employees resent use of coercive power.
Increasing Coercive Power
Guidelines for increasing coercive power:
> Gain authority to use punishment and withhold
rewards,
> Don’t make rash threats,
o Do not use coercion to manipulate others or to gain
personal benefits.
> Be persistent,
o Follow up to make sure requested tasks are
accomplished.
Referent Power
• Referent power is based on the user’s
personal relationships with others.
> Also called the personal appeals influencing tactic.
o based on loyalty and friendship.
• Leaders can use the inspirational appeals
influencing tactic.
> Leader appeals to follower’s values, ideals, and
aspirations, or increases self-confidence by
appealing to follower’s emotions and enthusiasm.
Referent Power
• Appropriate for people with
Appropriate weak or no position power.
Use • Such as with peers or in self-
managed teams.
• Develop your people skills.

• Work at your relationships
Increasing with managers and peers.
Expert Power
• Expert power is based on the user’s skill
and knowledge.
> Often use rational persuasion influencing tactic.
• Appropriate uses:
> New managers rely on employees’ expertise,
o Followers have influence over leaders.
> Essential when working with other departments
or organizations.
Increasing Expert Power
Guidelines for increasing expert power:
> Increase training to become an expert,
> Attend trade meetings, read publications, keep
up with current trends, write articles, become
an officer in the organization,
> Keep up with latest technology,
o Volunteer to learn something new,
> Project a positive self-concept and develop a
reputation for having expertise.
Information Power
• Information power is based on the user’s
data desired by others.
> Involves access to vital information and
knowledge and control over its distribution.
• Appropriate use of information power:
> When making rational persuasion or
inspirational appeals.
Increasing Information Power
Develop a network
Have information of information
flow through you. sources.
Know what is
going on in your
organization.
Serving on a committee helps you gain
information and increase connection power.
Connection Power
• Connection power is based on the user’s
relationships with influential people.
> Leaders use a coalition influencing tactic when
persuading others – a political strategy.
• Appropriate use of connection power:
> When looking for a job or a promotion.
> Can help you get the resources you need.
Increasing Connection Power
Guidelines to increasing connection power:
> Expand your network to managers with power,
> Join the “in-crowd” and “right” associations,
o Sports such as golf may increase your contacts,
> Follow guidelines for using the coalition
influencing tactic,
> Get people to know your name,
o Get all the publicity you can,
o Have your accomplishments known by those in power.
The Nature of Organizational Politics
• Politics is the process of gaining and using
power – power and politics are related.
• Politics is a social medium of exchange.
> Like money, politics is neither good nor bad.
o Simply a system of getting what you want.
> Money is the economic medium of exchange, but
> Politics is the organizational medium of exchange.
Political Behavior
• Networking is the process of developing
relationships for the purpose of socializing and
politicking.
• Reciprocity involves creating obligations and
developing alliances, and using them to
accomplish objectives.
• Using coalitions as an influencing tactic:
> Developed for a specific objective, and
> Use co-optation to get a person to join your
coalition rather than compete against you.
Exhibit 5.2
Political Behavior and Guidelines for Developing
Political Skills
Learn to read between the lines.
Use the ingratiation tactic with everyone.
Work at being a team player.
Networking
• Networking is the best way to find a job.
• “Career” networking is more than a Facebook
account.
• The Networking Process:
1. Perform a self-assessment and set goals,
2. Create your one-minute self-sell,
3. Develop your network,
4. Conduct networking interviews, and
5. Maintain your network.
Self-Assessment and Goals
• Self-assessment can clarify your skills,
competencies and knowledge.
o A simple prioritized list will do.
> Accomplishments:
o Provide evidence of your skills and abilities.
> Tie accomplishments to the job interview,
o Use accomplishments to “tell me about yourself”.
> Set networking goals,
o Use the objectives model from chapter 3.
One-Minute Self-Sell
• The one-minute self-sell is an opening statement
used in networking that quickly summarizes your
history and career plan and asks a question.
> Part 1. History,
o Start with a career summary/ highlights of your previous
performance (or your background/ personality/ achievement…).
> Part 2. Plans,
o Next, state the target career you are seeking.
> Part 3. Question,
o Last, ask a question, encouraging two-way communication.
• Write out and practice your self-sell.
Develop Your Network
• Begin with who you know.
> Create a written list of about 200 people.
• Categorize your list into professional and
personal contacts.
• Expand your list to people you don’t know.
> Go anywhere professional people gather.
• Develop your ability to remember people
by name.
Conduct Networking Interviews
Networking in person is important.
> Step 1. Establish a Rapport.
> Step 2. Deliver One-Minute Self-Sell.
> Step 3. Ask Prepared Questions.
> Step 4. Get Additional Contacts for Your Network.
> Step 5. Ask Your Contacts How You Might Help
Them.
> Step 6. Follow Up with a Thank-You Note and
Status Report.
Maintain Your Network
• After building your network, maintain it.
> Say thank you to those who helped you.
> Keep everyone updated.
> Notify everyone of new contact information.
> Use networking to help others.
• Although many companies encourage
employees to use social media.
> Know the company policy and follow the rules.
Negotiation
• Negotiating is a process in which two or
more parties have something the other
wants and attempt to come to an
agreement.
> An essential career skill.
> Directly affects your success.
o Good negotiators get more favorable outcomes.
> Influencing tactics, power and politics used
often.
Negotiating
• Negotiations are appropriate in all
situations without a fixed price or deal.
> All parties should believe they got a good deal.
o Negotiation does not have to be a zero-sum game.
o Negotiation is about building relationships.
o Negotiation should be viewed by all parties as an
opportunity to win.
> Negotiation skills can be developed by following
the steps in the negotiation process.
Model 5.1
The Negotiation Process
The key is preparation. Face-to face is preferred.
Know what is being negotiated.
Agreement?
Put it in writing
and stop selling.
Take your time. No Agreement?

If no progress, Analyze and
postpone. improve for the
future.
Ethics and Influencing
• Power, politics, networking, and negotiating
are all forms of influencing.
o When influencing, it pays to be ethical.
> Influence is what you do with it.
> Confront those you think are unethical.
> Successful negotiators are trusted negotiators.
• When influencing, use the stakeholders’
approach to ethics.
Key Terms
• coercive power • one-minute self-sell
• connection power • politics
• expert power • power
• information power • reciprocity
• legitimate power • referent power
• negotiating • reward power
• networking

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Chapter 5

Part One: Individuals As Leaders

• Managers find the rational persuasion

Explain how Provide Explain how

• Find out what others value and reward people in

• Let people know you control rewards and state your

• Develop your people skills.

Learn to read between the lines.

Use the ingratiation tactic with everyone.

Work at being a team player.

The key is preparation. Face-to face is preferred.

Know what is being negotiated.

Take your time. No Agreement?

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