PRESENTED TO : Engr.

Khandakar Abdullah Al Mamun

Assistant Professor, Department of EEE, IIUC

 PRESENTED BY
E231041 ET231042 ET231044 ET231045 ET231046
SHAFI YAMIN MD. SAYUM MD. ZAHIDUL KAMRUL HASAN MD. NABIL
AFSAR ISLAM HOSSAIN

ET231048 ET231049 ET2310650 ET231051 ET231053

MAINUL ISLAM PIAL BARUA SHOWKATUL MD. ABRAR MD. ABU BAKER
ISLAM CHOWDHURY SIDDIQIE
 Introdction to DC Motor

A DC motor is a type of electric

motor that converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy
through the interaction of
magnetic fields. It operates based
on the principles of
electromagnetism, where the
Lorentz force is utilized to generate
rotational motion.
DC motors are widely used in various applications, including
robotics, automotive systems, industrial machinery, and
consumer electronics, due to
their simplicity, reliability, and controllability. They can be
controlled to vary speed and torque, making them suitable for a
wide range of tasks.
 Basic Principle of DC Motor
The basic principle of a DC motor revolves around
the interaction between magnetic fields and
electric currents. Here's a breakdown:
1.Magnetic Field: In a DC motor, there are
typically two magnetic fields involved:
Stator Field: This is the stationary magnetic
field produced by permanent magnets or
electromagnets in the stator (the non-moving
part of the motor).
Rotor Field: This is the magnetic field
produced by
the electric current flowing through the rotor
(the rotating part of the motor).
2. Lorentz Force: When an electric current
flows through a conductor placed in a
magnetic field, it experiences a force
known as the Lorentz force. The direction
of this force is perpendicular to both the
direction of the current and the magnetic
field. In a DC motor:
The current flowing through the
rotor's armature creates a magnetic
field around it.
This magnetic field interacts with
the stator's magnetic field, resulting in
a force that causes the rotor to rotate.
3.Commutator and Brushes: The
direction of current flowing through the
rotor's armature needs to be reversed
periodically to keep the motor rotating in
the same direction. This is achieved using
a commutator—a split ring attached to
the rotor shaft—and brushes that
maintain electrical contact with the
commutator.
As the rotor turns, the brushes
maintain contact with different
segments of the commutator,
reversing the direction of current flow
in the armature windings at the
appropriate times.
This reversal ensures that the
magnetic forces generated by the
armature and stator always push the
rotor in the same direction, producing
continuous rotation.
 Working of DC Motor
Consider a part of a multipolar DC motor as shown in the figure below.
When the terminals of the motor are connected to an external source of DC
supply:
• the field magnets are excited developing alternate North and South poles
• the armature conductors carry currents.
• All conductors under North-pole carry currents in one direction while all the
conductors under South-pole carry currents in the opposite direction.

• The armature conductors under N-pole carry currents into the plane of the
paper (denoted as ⊗ in the figure). And the conductors under S-pole carry
currents out of the plane of the paper (denoted as ⨀ in the figure).

• Since each armature conductor is carrying current and is placed in the

magnetic field, a mechanical force acts on it.
On applying Fleming’s left-hand rule, it is clear that force on each conductor is
tending to rotate the armature in the anticlockwise direction. All these forces add
together to produce a driving torque which sets the armature rotates.

When the conductor moves from one side of a brush to the other, the current in
that conductor is reversed. At the same time, it comes under the influence of the
next pole which is of opposite polarity. Consequently, the direction of the force
on the conductor remains the same.

It should be noted that the function of a commutator in the motor is the same as
in a generator. By reversing current in each conductor as it passes from one pole
to another, it helps to develop a continuous and unidirectional torque.
 Construction of D.C. Motor
i. The outer part of the motor is generally static , which is known
as stator.
ii. Stator consist of a frame , and it contains “Pole Shoes” which
are projected inward.
iii. Core of these poles are made from silicon steel on which
Insulated copper wire is wound to make windings.
iv. These poles are bolted and fixed inside the frame
v. When D.C. current is pass through the windings it creates a
static magnetic field .

vi. There are two types of pole in a D.C. machine

a.Main/Field Pole. b. Inter Poles

vii. The connections of these poles are brought out through

connectors in the terminal box ,so that we can give electric
supply to them and even do the check for the fault.
viii. Main poles create static magnetic field ,when current is
pass to its winding.
ix. In this magnetic field rotating part of motor lies, known as Rotor or
Armature which is made by number of stampings of highly permeable
material i.e. silicon steel,which allows magnetic field to pass through it easily.

x. Slots are cut on the outer periphery of rotor or we can say

“Armature”, which receive coils/windings made up of copper
conductor.

xi. Each coil gets connected to an external D.C. source by a pair

of commutator segments arranged in the form of a Ring.
xii. This complete assembly is
housed over a cylindrical shaft made
up of high quality steel.

xiii. Because of the bearings at both

side of the shaft the rotor is capable
of rotate between the field poles.
 Classification of DC Motor
The DC Motor is an electrical machine which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy. The basic principle of working is based on production
of induced emf.The DC Motors can be classified into following categories.
Separately Excited DC Motor
The supply to the armature and field windings in separately excited DC Motors is
provided separately. The field windings are separately excited through a DC supply
source. Therefore, the armature current will not flow through the armature windings.

From the torque current equation of DC Motor we have

Tg = Ka φ Ia
From the above relation we can conclude that the torque is not dependent upon the
armature current and can be varied only by varying the field flux.
Self Excited DC Motor

In this type of motors the field windings are connected such that they can be in parallel,
series or partially parallel or series. The types of self excited DC Motor are
1. Shunt motor : In the illustration shown below the field winding is connected in parallel
with the armature.

The input current I = Ia + Ish

For field winding, V = IshRsh
For armature, V = Eb + IaRa
Ia = armature current
Ish = shunt field current
V = input voltage
I = Input current
Power Input = Mechanical power + losses in armature + losses in field
VI = Pmech + Ia2Ra + Ish2Rsh
Pmech = VI – VIsh – = Ia2Ra
= V(I – Ish) – Ia2Ra
= VIa – = Ia2Rsh = (V – IaRa)Ia
Pmech = EaIa
2.Series motor : In this, the field winding is connected in series with the armature.

I = Ia = Ise
V = Ea + I(Ra + Rse)
Then from above equation
VI = EaI + I2(Ra + Rse)
VI = Pmech + I2 Ra + I2Rse
Pmech = Ea I

3.Compound Motor : It is a type of dc motor which has both shunt and series field windings.
V = Ea ± Ia (Ra + Rse)
IL = I a ± I F
They are basically of 2 types- long shunt and short shunt.

Short Shunt DC Motor

When the armature winding and shunt field windings are only parallel to
each other and to the series field winding. Such types of motors are also
called short shunt DC Motors.

Long Shunt DC Motor

When the armature winding is parallel to shunt field windings and to the
series field winding. Such types of motors are also called long shunt DC
Motors.
 Applications for DC motor
1.Computer equipment
Uses include CPU cooling fans and the drive motors for HDDs and CD-ROM
drives. These applications commonly use brushless DC motors to avoid
problems with the dust given off by wear of the motors’ brushes and
commutator.

2. Audio and video equipment

DC motors are also used in audio and video equipment, including in audio CD,
DVD, and Blu-ray players.

3.Home appliances
DC motors are used in mini 4WD and other radio-controlled models, to drive
electric toothbrushes or shavers, and in small electric fans. Products like these
use small DC motors that operate at low voltages of around 9V.
4.Automobiles
Vehicles use large numbers of DC motors in applications such as wiper motors,
power seat motors, and power window motors.

5. Industrial machinery and medical equipment

Large numbers of DC motors are used as servo motors in industrial robots.
Medical equipment applications include fan motors in respirators and oxygen
concentrators. They are also used in agricultural and construction machinery.
 SOCIAL IMPACT OF DC MOTOR
DC motors have significantly shaped and molded our modern society in profound
ways. Let’s explore their impact:
1.Industrial Revolution Redux:

• DC motors revolutionized industrialization by replacing manual labor with

efficient machinery.
• Assembly lines, conveyor belts, and robotic systems owe their seamless
functioning to reliable DC motor control.
• This transformation fueled economic growth and changed the nature of work
itself.
2.Electrifying Transportation:

• Electric vehicles (EVs), powered by DC motors, offer a sustainable alternative

to traditional combustion engine cars.
• EVs are quieter, emit fewer pollutants, and have lower operating costs.
• DC motors paved the way for innovative battery technologies and charging
infrastructure, accelerating the adoption of electric mobility.
3.Harvesting Renewable Energy:

• Solar panels equipped with DC motor-driven tracking systems follow the sun’s path,
optimizing energy absorption and improving efficiency.
• Wind turbines use DC motors to adjust blade angles, maximizing energy generation
from wind currents.
• These applications contribute to cleaner energy sources, mitigating climate change
and reducing our carbon footprint.
4.Enhancing Everyday Comforts:

• DC motors infiltrate our daily lives, enhancing comfort and convenience.

• Household appliances like fans, blenders, and washing machines rely on these
motors.
• DC motors provide precise speed control and energy efficiency, making our routines
smoother and more efficient.
5.Advancing Healthcare:

• DC motors power robotic surgical systems, prosthetics, and medical imaging

equipment.
• They enable more accurate diagnoses and safer medical procedures.
• DC motors play a crucial role in balancing innovation and patient care.
Advantages of Electric Motors:
1. Efficiency: Electric motors are highly efficient in converting electrical
energy into mechanical energy. They can operate at efficiencies above
90%, which means they waste less energy compared to other types of
motors.

2. Environmentally Friendly: Electric motors produce no exhaus emissions

during operation, which helps reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas
emissions. They contribute to a cleaner and greener environment,
especially when powered by renewable energy sources.

3. Cost Savings: Electric motors generally have lower operating costs

compared to internal combustion engines. They require less maintenance,
have fewer moving parts, and do not need regular oil changes. Moreover,
electricity is often cheaper than gasoline or diesel, resulting in long-term
cost savings.
4. Instant Torque: Electric motors provide instant torque, meaning they
deliver maximum power from the moment they start. This characteristic
makes electric motors well-suited for applications that require quick
acceleration or high torque, such as electric vehicles.
5. Regenerative Braking: Electric motors can be used as generators during
deceleration or braking. This allows them to recover and store energy that
would otherwise be wasted as heat in traditional braking systems.
Regenerative braking improves overall energy efficiency and extends the
range of electric vehicles.

Disadvantages of Electric Motors:

1. Limited Range: Electric motors rely on batteries for energy storage, and
current battery technology has limitations in terms of energy density. This
results in limited driving range for electric vehicles before requiring
recharging, which can be a disadvantage for long-distance travel.
2. Charging Infrastructure: The widespread adoption of electric vehicles requires
a robust charging infrastructure. While the charging network is growing, it is not
as extensive as traditional refueling stations. This limitation can pose challenges
for long trips or areas with limited charging options.
3. Initial Cost: Electric motors and associated technologies, such as batteries, can
be expensive compared to their internal combustion engine counterparts.
Although the prices are gradually decreasing, the higher upfront cost is a
deterrent for some consumers.
4. Charging Time: Charging an electric vehicle takes longer compared to refueling
a conventional vehicle with gasoline or diesel. While fast-charging stations are
becoming more common, the overall charging time can still be a disadvantage for
those who require quick and frequent refuelling
5. Raw Materials and Recycling: Electric motors rely on rare earth elements, such
as neodymium, for their magnets. The extraction and processing of these
materials can have environmental impacts. Additionally, the recycling of electric
vehicle batteries is still a developing industry, posing challenges for the disposal
of spent batteries.