NANOMATERIALS

BY
LARAIB BIBI
PH120202036

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

KOHAT UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

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 CONTENTS:
 INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
EXMAPLES
TYPES
APPLICATIONS
SOURCES
CONCLUSION

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NANOMATERIALS

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INTRODUCTION TO NANOMATERIALS:
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:
Nanoparticles was firstly used in 9th century for generating
Glittering effect on surface of pots.
Richard A.Z sigmonday firstly observed and measured size of
nanomaterials.
A Japanese scientist Norio Ranguchi firstly used the term
‘Nanotechnology’ in 1974.
In early 2000’s there were seen a huge landmark in applications of
nanotechnology(technology used for objects at nanometer scale)

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DEFINITION:
 The substance where at least one dimension is less than
approximately 100 nanometers.
Nano means 1 billionth of 1m.

 1nm = 10^-9.

 1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter.

 Particles having radius or diameter lying on Nanoscale(1nm-
100nm).
 1nm is approx. equal to length of 10 Hydrogen atom.
 A human hair is approximately 80,000nm thick.

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WHAT IS SPECIAL IN
NANOMATERIALS:
 At the nanoscale, the physical chemical and biological
properties of materials differ in fundamental and valueable
ways from the properties of individual atoms and molecule or
bulk matter.
 With the reduction in size, the surface area of materials and
surface energy increase tremendously.
 The behaviour of nanomaterial may depend more on surface
area than particle composition itself.

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EXAMPLES OF
NANOMATERIALS:
Examples of nanomaterials include:-
1. Nanoparticles (e.g., silver, gold, titanium dioxide)
2. Nanotubes (e.g., carbon nanotubes)
3. Nanowires (e.g., silicon, zinc oxide)
4. Nanostructures (e.g., nanocrystals, nanoclusters)
5. Nanocomposites (e.g., polymer-matrix composites with
nanoparticles)

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 TYPES:
Zero-Dimensional (0D) Nanomaterials:
 Zero dimensional (0D) nanomaterials are nanoscale materials with all three dimensions
(length, width and height ) in nanoscale.
Example of 0D nanomaterials include:
- Metal nanoparticle (e.g gold, silver , copper)
- Semiconductor nanoparticle (e.g quantum dots )
- Nanoclusters ( atomic and molecular clusters )
 Applications of 0D nanoparticles includes:
- Biomedical imaging and diagnostics
- Drug delivery and therapy

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TYPES:
ONE-DIMENSIONAL NANOMATERIALS(1D)
 One-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials are nanoscale materials with one dimension in the
nanoscale (typically below 100 nm) and the other two dimensions at a larger scale.
Examples of 1D nanomaterials includes:
Nanotubes
- carbon nanotube
 Applications include:
- electronic batteries

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 TYPES:
Two-dimensional nanomaterial:
Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are nanoscale materials with two dimensions in the nanoscale
(typically below 100 nm) and the third dimension at a larger scale.
Examples include:
Nanosheets
-metal oxide nanosheet
Nanoplate
-metal nanoplate
- semiconductor nanoplate
Applications include:
-Solar cells , LED’s etc
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 TYPES:
Three-dimensional nanomaterials:
Three-dimensional (3D) nanomaterials are nanoscale materials with all three dimensions
(length, width, and height) in the nanoscale (typically below 100 nm).
 Examples include:
Nanoparticle
- metal nanoparticle(gold, silver, copper)
 Applications include:
-Biomedical applications: drug delivery

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 APPLICATIONS OF NANOMATERIALS:
Here are some applications of nanomaterials across different industries:
• Everyday Materials and Processes : Improved textiles, cosmetics, and sunscreens
• Medical and Healthcare Applications: Targeted drug delivery and imaging
• Energy Applications: Enhanced solar cells and energy storage
 Information technology: Faster and smaller electronics
•Homeland security: Enhanced sensors and detection
• Transportation: Lightweight and strong materials
•Environmental science: Water purification
These applications highlight the potential of nanotechnology to transform various
industries and improve our daily lives.

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Different industry branches with their share of nanoproducts

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SOURCES OF NANOMATERIALS:
Our planet is an important source of natural nanomaterials. Volcanoes,
wildfires, dust storms and sea spray are natural processes that create
nanomaterials. Plants, insects and even people also contain many
nanostructures. For example, lotus flower leaves are self-cleaning and water
repellent, thanks to their nanostructures. Our bones are also composed of nano
structured minerals. Even the most fundamental building block in our lives, our
DNA, is a nanomaterial.
Nanomaterials are also elsewhere in the universe, for example, in cosmic and
moon dust, and have also been found in meteorites that have landed on earth.

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CONCLUSION:
Nanomaterials have transformed industries
with their unique properties, improving material
performance, efficiency, and functionality.
While offering immense benefits, they also raise
environmental and health concerns. Ongoing
research and responsible development are
crucial to harnessing their potential, creating
innovative solutions, and shaping a sustainable
future.

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