Sanitary

&

Water bacteriology
 Sanitary Bacteriology
• Sanitation is the process of creating suitable
conditions that promote the safe production of
food or water.
• Sanitation Microbiology is a science based on the
detection of risks associated with the manufacture,
production, and consumption of food and water.
• These risks are commonly associated with the
presence of microbiological hazards and represent
a serious problem for the public health.
• The world health organization has estimated that up to
80% of all sickness and disease in the world is caused
by
• 1- inadequate sanitation,
• 2- polluted water, or
• 3- unavailability of water.
• According to the WHO, the mortality of water
associated diseases exceeds 5 million people per year.
• From these, more that 50% are microbial intestinal
infections, with cholera standing out in the first place.
Water disinfection (physical or
chemical)
A - Physical:-
1- filtration
- Remove the solid organic contaminants from
water, which serve as nutrients for
microorganisms.
2- Heat
3- Ultraviolet
B - Chemical
1) Chlorine (Cl2)
2) Ozone (O3)
3) chlorine dioxide (ClO2)
4) Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
- Disinfectants should kill microorganisms
- Disinfectants must also have a residual effect
- A disinfectant should prevent pathogenic
microorganisms from growing after disinfection.
 Water Sources
1. Groundwater (well) 2- Streams 3- Rivers 4- Ponds
5- Lakes 6- Reservoirs 7- Rain
 Drinking water quality has improved dramatically over the years
because of
1) Better wastewater disposal.
2) Protection of ambient waters.
3) Ground waters Protection.
4) Advances in the development protection.
5) Treatment of water supplies.
 A clean and treated water supply to each house may be the normal
in Europe and North America, but in developing countries, access
to both clean water and sanitation are not the rule, and waterborne
infections are common.
 Water-borne pathogenic
-Water-borne pathogenic organisms of enteric
origin include viruses, bacteria and protozoan
and helminthic parasites.
-The presence of human faeces in river
water poses a greater potential risk to
human health than the presence of the
faeces of other animals.
• PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS
• Enterobacteriaceae
 Antigenic Structures and Virulence Factors
 The heat-stable lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major cell wall
antigen and consists of three components:
1) The O polysaccharide
2) The core polysaccharide
3) lipid A
 The K Envelope or capsule antigens

 H, the flagella antigen

- Not all species carry the H and K antigens, but all have
O, the lipopolysaccharide implicated in endotoxic
shock.
 PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS
• Escherichia coli (E. coli)

• Small gram-negative rods

• Some strains cause various forms of gastroenteritis
• Major cause of urinary tract infection, neonatal meningitis and septicemia
• Approximately 11 of the more than 140 existing serotypes of E. coli cause
gastrointestinal disease in humans.
• One of these serotypes, E. coli O157:H7, is a prime cause of bloody
diarrhea in infants.
• Between 1980 and 1996, three waterborne disease outbreaks with 278
cases and several deaths were caused by E. coli O157:H7.
• Environmental processes and water disinfection are effective in
controlling E. coli; its presence is an indication of recent fecal
contamination from warm-blooded animals.
 Salmonella (Salmonellosis)
- Gram-negative rods facultatively anaerobic, non–endospore-forming
rods.
- Over 2000 known serotypes of Salmonella exist, all of which are
pathogenic to humans.
- Most cause gastrointestinal illness (e.g., diarrhea); however, a few can
cause other types of disease, such as typhoid (S. typhi) and paratyphoid
fevers (S. paratyphi).
- There is usually a moderate fever accompanied by nausea, abdominal
pain , cramps, and diarrhea.
- At any one time, 10 percent of the population will be excreting
Salmonella (mostly as a result of infections caused by contaminated
foods and water).
- Between 1980 and 1996, five outbreaks of waterborne salmonellosis
occurred in the United States (including one outbreak of typhoid fever).
• Shigella (shigellosis)
• Facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods.
• Four main species exist in this genus:
• S. sonnei, S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. dysenteriae.
• They infect humans and cause bacillary dysentery.
• Although all four subgroups have been isolated during
different disease outbreaks.
• The infective dose required to cause disease is small, producing
Shiga toxin that destroys tissue.
• The survival of Shigella in water and their response to water
treatment is similar to that of the coliform bacteria.
• Between 1980 and 1996, 19 outbreaks of waterborne
shigellosis occurred.
 Yersinia enterocolitica
• Gram negative bacteria, intestinal inhabitants of many
domestic animals.
• Distinctive in their ability to grow at refrigerator
temperatures of 4°C.
• Y. enterocolitica can cause acute gastrointestinal illness,
and is carried by humans, pigs, and a variety of other
animals.
• Between 1980 and 1996, two outbreaks of waterborne
yersiniosis were reported in the United States, with 103
associated cases.
• The organism is common in surface waters and has been
occasionally isolated from groundwater and drinking
water.
 Vibrio cholera
- Slightly curved, gram negative rod with a single polar
flagellum
- V. cholerae causes cholera, an acute intestinal disease
with massive diarrhea, vomiting, electrolytes,
dehydration, causes shock, collapse.
- Death may occur within a few hours unless medical
treatment is given.
- V. cholerae has been associated with massive recent
epidemics throughout the world, and most have been
either waterborne or associated with the consumption
of fish infected.
- Untreated cases of cholera may have a mortality rate of
50%.
 Campylobacter jejuni
• C. jejuni can infect humans and a variety of
animals. It is the most common bacterial cause
of gastrointestinal illness requiring
hospitalization and a major cause of food
borne illness.
• The natural habitat is the intestinal tract of
warm-blooded animals, and Campylobacter is
common in wastewater and surface waters.
Between 1980 and 1996, 15 waterborne
disease outbreaks with 2480 cases were
attributed to C. jejuni.
 Opportunistic Bacterial Pathogens
• The opportunistic pathogens include strains of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other
Pseudomonas species, Mycobacterium avium
intracellulare and species of Flavobacterium,
Klebsiella, Proteus and Acinetobacter.
• These organisms are ubiquitous in the
environment and are often common in waters.
• Although they have not been conclusively
implicated in a reported waterborne disease
outbreak, they have a significant role in
hospital-acquired infections.
 Viruses
• Viruses belonging to the group known as enteric viruses infect
the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals and are
excreted in their feces.
• Most pathogenic waterborne viruses cause acute
gastrointestinal disease.
• Over 100 types of enteric viruses are known, and many have
been found in groundwater and surface water.
• Enteric virus strains that infect animals generally do not infect
humans.
• Hepatitis A. Although all enteric viruses are potentially
transmitted by drinking water, evidence of this route of
infection is strongest for hepatitis A (HAV).
• Hepatitis A causes infectious hepatitis, an illness characterized
by inflammation and necrosis of the liver.