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BAROID BASIC MUD ENGINEERING
BAROID BASIC MUD ENGINEERING
BAROID BASIC MUD ENGINEERING
Pressure must be
overbalanced to prevent an
uncontrollable flow.
“Aggregation”
(Face-to-Face Linking)
“Dispersion”
(Reverse of Aggregation)
“Flocculation”
(Edge-to-Edge Linking)
“De-Flocculation”
(Reverse of Flocculation)
Factors Affecting Yield of Clays
Salinity
Metallic ions, e.g. Mg, Ca, Br,SO4
pH (7-10)
“Attapulgit”
Is a clay can build viscosity in saline water
(Higher $, Low FL, Low Rheology)
Shale Problems!
Shale Problems!
1. Pressurized Shale.
3. Sloughing Shale.
Pressure Shale
Doesn’t Hydrate!
Resulted from Diastrophic Movement for
bedding planes.
Problem became worse if planes are O/W wet.
Cementing material is weak.
Sensitive micro-fractures to water.
Stressed Shale- Solution?
Shear Stress:
Force to move a fluid at a given shear rate.
Shear speed-rpm:
The rotational speed on a standard oil field
viscometer on which the shear stress is measured.
Rheological Terms (2/3)
Viscosity:
The resistance of fluid to flow= shear stress/ shear rate.
Yield point:
The force required to initiate flow.
“YP is a time-independent measurement”
Non-Newtonian fluids
e.g. Mud, Cement (addition of solids)
– Shear stress is a non-linear function of shear rate
– Viscosity is a function of shear rate
Rheological Models
“Predict fluid behavior across
a wide range of shear rates”
1. Bingham model
2. Power law model
3. Herschel-Bulkley model
Bingham Model
Shear
Stress, Viscosity,
Yield y
Stress, 0
Shear Rate,
Power Low Model
Flow Index, n
Shear
Consistency Index, K
Stress,
n
K
Shear Rate,
Herschel-Bulkley Model
Shear
Stress, Flow Index, n
Consistency Index, K
Yield 0 K n
Stress, 0
Shear Rate,
Optimized H-B Model Parameters
Especially if the
filtrates are fresh water
and/or have a high pH.
!
Drilling Fluids Families
Drilling Fluids Families
Polymers Classifications
Origin:
- Synthitic, e.g. PAC, XCD, HEC..etc.
- Natural, e.g. Starch, Cellulous…etc.
Structure:
- Linear
- Branched
- Cross-Linked Polymer.
Polymer Chemistry Overview
Water.
Calcium Remover.
pH Source.
Viscosifier.
FL Control Agent.
Formation Stabilizer.
Weighting Agent
Scavengers (H2S, O2, CO2)
ROP Enhancer
De-Foamers
WBM Application
WBM Non Damaging Fluids (DRIL-N)
Screen Design
Two-dimensional screens
Three-dimensional screens
Centrifugical Separation Devises
Hydrocyclones
Hydrocyclones
1. De-sanders
Consist of a battery of 6-inch or larger cones.
Can process large volumes of mud.
The minimum size particles that can be removed are in the range of 40 microns (with 6-inch cones).
2. De-Silter
Consist of a battery of 4-inch or smaller cones.
Depending on the size of the cone, a particle size cut between 6 and 40 microns can be obtained.