Introduction to Data

Analysis
Data analysis is the process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modeling
data to uncover useful insights and support decision-making. It's a crucial step in
understanding and leveraging information to drive business success.

by Erwin Mubarok
Types of Data
Qualitative Data
Descriptive information that
cannot be measured, such as
opinions, attitudes, and
behaviors.
Quantitative Data
Numerical information that
can be measured and
analyzed statistically, such
as sales figures and survey
responses.
Categorical Data
Data that can be divided into
groups or categories, such as
gender, location, or product
type.
Data Collection Techniques

1 Surveys 2 Observation
Gathering information from a sample of Systematically recording and analyzing
a population through questionnaires or human behavior and interactions in
interviews. natural settings.

3 Experiments 4 Secondary Data

Manipulating variables to determine Utilizing existing data sources, such as
their effect on a specific outcome or government statistics or industry reports.
phenomenon.
Data Cleaning and Preprocessing
Handling Missing Data
Identifying and addressing incomplete or
missing information in the dataset.
Transforming Variables
Modifying the format or scale of data to
improve its quality and suitability for
analysis.
Removing Outliers
Identifying and removing data points that
are significantly different from the rest of
the dataset.
Integrating Data Sources
Combining multiple datasets into a single
cohesive dataset for comprehensive
analysis.
Exploratory Data Analysis
Data Visualization
Creating visual
representations, such as
charts and graphs, to
identify patterns and trends.
Statistical
Summaries
Calculating measures of
central tendency,
variability, and distribution
to understand the data.
Hypothesis Testing
Formulating and testing
hypotheses to uncover
relationships and insights in
the data.
Statistical Analysis Techniques

Regression Clustering Hypothesis Time Series

Testing Analysis
Modeling the Grouping similar
relationship between data points together Determining the Analyzing data that
a dependent variable to identify patterns likelihood of is collected over
and one or more and segments within observed results time to identify
independent the data. occurring by chance, trends, seasonality,
variables. using statistical and other patterns.
methods.
Data Visualization
Charts and Graphs Visualize quantitative data to uncover
patterns and trends.

Dashboards Provide a centralized, interactive view of

key performance metrics.

Infographics Combine data, images, and text to

communicate complex information in a
concise and engaging way.

Maps and Geospatial Visualizations Represent data with a geographical

component, such as sales by region or
population density.
Conclusion and Recommendations
In conclusion, data analysis is a powerful tool for extracting valuable insights and driving informed
decision-making. By leveraging a variety of data collection techniques, cleaning and preprocessing the
data, and applying robust statistical and visualization methods, organizations can uncover hidden
patterns, identify opportunities, and solve complex problems.