COMMUNICATION-PROCESS-MODELS

COMMUNICAT
ION: CONCEPT
AND GENESIS
The term of Communication comes
“ from the Latin word ‘Communis’
meaning common. When we
communicate with someone, we try to
establish a certain degree of
commonness with the communicate e.
g., by sharing some information, an
idea or an attitude.
2
Communication, therefore, refers
“ to transmission or exchanging of
Information, messages etc.
Information and Communication
are two interlinked terms in the
sense that without information
communication is not possible.
3
The oxford English Dictionary defines
“ communication as ―the imparting

conveying or exchanging of ideas and
knowledge whether by speech, writing or
singing. In the Columbia Encyclopedia of
Communication it is defined as ―the
transfer of thoughts and message as
contrasted with transportation of goods
and persons.
4
TYPES OF
COMMUNICATION
1. Non-vocal Communication
Non-vocal Communication refers to the use of signs,
signals and symbols, gestures etc., in the
communication
process. Signals, signs and symbols are the three
related
components of non-vocal communication process 5
TYPES OF
COMMUNICATION
2. Vocal Communication
Vocal Communication refers to any form of
communication that uses the human vocal
chords. It can range from shouting to
spoken
languages. 6
TYPES OF
COMMUNICATION
3. Non Verbal Communication
Non Verbal Communication
includesactions
such as gestures, vocalizations, facial
expressions and other behaviors. 7
TYPES OF
COMMUNICATION
4. Verbal Communication
Verbal Communication refers to the use of words are
often
viewed as the primary if not the only means by which
information can be conveyed from one person to
another.
Communication by facial expression, by tone of voice, 8
TYPES OF
COMMUNICATION
5. Intrapersonal
Communication within one person, it could
be
talking to you, reading something etc. In
this type
of communication the source and the 9
TYPES OF
COMMUNICATION
6. Interpersonal
Communication between two or more
persons. Interpersonal communication
could
be face to face or it could be at a
distancewith 10
TYPES OF
COMMUNICATION
7. Group Communication
could be categorized into small group
consisting of
two or more persons, usually not more than 25,
or
large group where there is communication by 11
TYPES OF
COMMUNICATION
8. Public or Mass Communication
It refers to communication from one
person or
a group of persons, through special
media, to
large audiences. 12
PROCESS OF
COMMUNICAT
ION
PROCESS OF
COMMUNICATION
Basic Elements of the Communication Process
SOURCE MESSAGE DESTINATION
14
PROCESS OF
COMMUNICATION
is the point at which the

SOURCE message originates. It is,
therefore, also referred to as
sender or initiator of
information. 15
PROCESS OF
COMMUNICATION
may be in the form of written or
printed text, sound or light
MESSAGE
waves in the air, impulses in the
electric current, or in the form of
any other signal which is
capable of being interpreted
meaningfully. 16
PROCESS OF
COMMUNICATION
is the intended target of

DESTINATION the message.
Destination could be an
individual or a group, or
a mob. 17
A COMMUNICATION PROCESS
MODEL
A Communication Process Model
18
MODEL
may be individual or group

of individuals or any
SENDER
organization, who desires to
share information for a
predetermined purpose or
for an expected action or
response. 19
MODEL
to transform the idea into

words, symbols, pictures,
ENCODING
diagrams, gestures i.e., it is
a method to provide a
concrete shape to the
message.
20
MODEL
the physical form of the

thought which can be
MESSAGE experienced and
understood by one or
more senses of the
receiver. 21
MODEL
a vehicle in the
CHANNEL /
MEDIA transmission of a
message.
22
MODEL
translation of
information received,
DECODING
into an
understandable
message to interpret
it. 23
MODEL
The person or group,

who perceives the
RECEIVER
message and attaches
some meaning to the
message
24
MODEL
the response to the

message received by the
FEEDBACK receiver of the
information, which sends
back to the sender of the
information 25
MODEL
Communication Cycle
26
MODELS OF
THE
COMMUNICAT
ION PROCESS
SHANNON'S MODEL
28
LASSWELL’S MODEL
29
George Gerbner’s General
Model
30
Schramm model
31
Schramm model
Schramm tried to develop a human communication

model giving emphasis on experiences of two
individuals and the interaction between those two
were later designed as models. He developed
three models to explain the proposed concept or
theory. The three models are diagrammatically
represented. 32
Aristotle Model
33
Aristotle Model
The Aristotle’s communication

model is a speaker centered
model as the speaker has the
most important role in it and is
the only one active. 34
Aristotle Model
The role of the audience is
passive, influenced by the
speech. This makes the
communication process one
way, from speaker to receiver. 35
Aristotle Model
This model was highly used to

develop public speaking
skills.
Ex. a politician (speaker) giving a
speech to get votes 36
Berlo Model (SMCR)
37
Berlo Model
Sender is the source of the message or
the person who originates the message.
▰ Communication Skills
Communication skills of a person is a factor
that affects the communication process.
Communication skills include the skills to
speak, present, read, write, listen, etc.
38
Berlo Model
▰ Attitude
The attitude of the sender and the receiver creates
the effect of the message. The person’s attitude
towards self, the receiver and the environment
changes the meaning and effect of the message.
39
Berlo Model
▰ Knowledge
▰ Knowledge on the subject matter makes the
communicator send the message effectively.
40
Berlo Model
▰ Social Systems
Values, beliefs, laws, rules, religion and many other
social factors affect the sender’s way of
communicating the message. It creates difference
in the generation of message.
41
Berlo Model
▰ Culture
Cultural differences make messages different. A
person from one culture might find something
offensive which is very much accepted in
another culture.
42
Berlo Model
A message is the substance that is being sent by the
sender to the receiver in the form of voice, audio, text,
video or other media.
▰ Content
Content is the thing that is in the message. The
whole message from beginning to end is the
content.
43
Berlo Model
▰ Elements
Elements are the non verbal things that tag
along with the content like gestures, signs,
language, etc.
44
Berlo Model
▰ Treatment
Treatment is the way in which the message is
conveyed to the receiver. Treatment also
affects the feedback of the receiver.
45
Berlo Model
▰ Structure
The structure of the message or the way it
has been structured or arranged, affects the
effectiveness of the message.
46
Berlo Model
▰ Code
Code is the form in which the message is
sent. It might be in the form of language, text,
video, etc.
47
Berlo Model
Channel is the medium used to send the
message. In mass communication and other forms
of communication, technical machines might be
used as a channel like telephone, internet, etc. But
in general communication, the five senses of a
human being is the channel for the communication
flow and it affects the effectiveness of the channel.
48
Berlo Model
Hearing – We receive the message through hearing.
Seeing – We perceive through seeing. We also get
non-verbal messages by seeing.
Touching – Many of the non-verbal communication
happens from touching like holding hands.
Smelling – We collect information from smelling.
Tasting – Taste also provides the information to be
sent as a message. 49
Berlo Model
Receiver is the person who gets the
message sent in the process.
The message might not have the same
effect as intended if the receiver and
sender are not similar. The receiver must
also have a very good listening skill. 50
Criticisms on Berlo
Model
1. There is no concept of feedback, so the effect is not
considered.
2. There is no concept of noise or any kind of barriers in
communication process.
3. It is a linear model of communication, there is no two
way communication.
4. Both of the people must be similar according to all the
factors mentioned above.
51
Barlund’s Transactional
Model
52
Model
Barlund proposed for basic
interpersonal communication which
articulates that sending and
receiving of messages happens
simultaneously between people. 53
Model
Transactional Model is a multi-layered
feedback system.
The message passing takes place with a
constant feedback being provided from
both parties. A feedback for one is the
message for the other.
54
Advantages Barlund’s
Transactional Model
1. The model shows shared field experience of
the sender and receiver.
2. Transactional model talks about simultaneous
message sending, noise and feedback.
3. Barnlund’s model is taken by critics as the
most systematic model of communication.
55
Disadvantages Barlund’s
Transactional Model
1. Barnlund’s model is very complex.
2. Both the sender and receiver must
understand the codes sent by the other. So
they must each possess a similar “code book”.
(The concept of code book is not mentioned in
the model but understood.)
56

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COMMUNICAT

“ communication as ―the imparting

SOURCE MESSAGE DESTINATION

is the point at which the

is the intended target of

may be individual or group

to transform the idea into

the physical form of the

The person or group,

the response to the

Schramm tried to develop a human communication

The Aristotle’s communication

This model was highly used to

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