BEAM

•Horizontal structural members

•Tension member
•Transmit loads horizontally along their length
•The objective of beams is to withstand vertical
loads, shear forces and bending moments.
 CLASSIFICATION

1. Simply supported – a beam supported on the ends which are

free to rotate and have no moment resistance.
2. Fixed – a beam supported on both ends and restrained from
rotation.
3. Over hanging – a simple beam extending beyond its support on
one end.
4. Double overhanging – a simple beam with both ends
extending beyond its supports on both ends.
5. Continuous – a beam extending over more than two supports.
6. Cantilever – a projecting beam fixed only at one end.
7. Trussed – a beam strengthened by adding a cable or rod to
form a truss
 COLUMN
• Vertical structural member
• Compression member
• Transmits loads from beam to foundation.
 Classification is based on
• Shape- square , rectangular, circular,L-type, T-
type, V,Hexagon,Arch.
• Type of reinforcement- tied, spiral, composite
• Type of loading- Axial, Biaxial
• Slenderness ratio- short, long
• Short Column:

• If the ratio effective length of the column to the least lateral dimension is less than 12, the
column is called as the short column. A short column fails by crushing (pure compression
failure).
• Long Column:
• If the ratio effective length of the column to the least lateral dimension exceeds 12, it is called as
long column. A long column fails by bending or buckling.
• Uniaxial:
• We know the X-Axis and Y-axis if load is acted eccentrically either on X or Y axis (anyone) then it
is called as Eccentrically loaded column (uniaxial)
• Biaxial:
• If load is not acting eccentrically on both the axis, that mean load won’t act on either X or Y axis
is called Eccentrically loaded column (Biaxial)
• Axially loaded Column: –
• When the line of action of the compressive force coincides with the center of gravity of the
cross-section of the column, it is called axially loaded column. (The total load from top is acted
on the centroid of the column.)
• Tied Column:
• When the main longitudinal bars of the column are confined
within closely spaced lateral ties, it is called as tied column.
• Spiral Column:
• When the main longitudinal bars of the column are enclosed
with in closely spaced and continuously wound spiral
reinforcement, it is called as a spiral column.
• Composite Column:
• When the longitudinal reinforcement is in the form of
structural steel section or pipe with or without longitudinal
bars, it is called as a composite column.
 Lintel
• A horizontal support of timber, stone,
concrete, or steel across the top of a door or
window.
• The main function of the lintel is to take loads
coming from above wall and transfer its load
to the side walls
 Types of lintel
• Timber lintel
• Stone lintel
• Reinforced concrete lintel
• Brick lintel
• Reinforced brick lintel
• Steel lintel
 Roofing
• Uppermost part of a building
• Protects the building from environment
types
 Types of curved roof
• Shell
• Doomed
Doomed roof
 Flooring
• Horizontal element of a building at different
level
• Components- 1. floor base
2. floor covering
 Selection of flooring
• Initial cost
• Hardness
• Sound insulation
• Durability
• Thermal insulation
• Damp resistant
• Fire resistant .,etc
 types
• Cement concrete
• Mosaic
• Marble
• Granolithic
• Brick
• Moorum
• Tiled
• Rubber
• Timber
• Glass
• Cork
• Plastic
• Granite ., etc
 Mechanics
• Area of science which is concerned with the
behavior of physical bodies when subjected
to forces or displacements, and the
subsequent effects of the bodies on their
environment
 stress
• Stress is defined as the force per unit area of
a material.
• Stress = force / cross sectional area:
where,
• σ = stress,
• F = force applied, and
• A= cross sectional area of the object.
• Units of s : Nm-2 or Pa.
 strain
• Strain is defined as extension per unit length.
• Strain = extension / original length
where,
• ε = strain,
• lo = the original length
• e = extension = (l-lo), and
• l = stretched length
• Strain has no units because it is a ratio of lengths
 Forces
• force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change
the motion of an object
• Types- Applied Force
• Gravitational Force
• Normal Force
• Frictional Force
• Air Resistance Force
• Tension Force
• Spring Force

• F=ma , Force is measured in Newtons, N.

• Mass is measured in kilograms, kg.
• Acceleration is measured in meters per second squared,
m/s2.
 Elasticity
• Elasticity is a measure of the deformation of
an object when a force is applied. Objects that
are very elastic like rubber have high elasticity
and stretch easily.