SOFT TISSUE AND

SPECIFIC BODY INJURIES

 THE SKIN AND THE SOFT TISSUE

THREE MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN

1. To protect the body in the
environment
2. To regulate the temperature of the
body
3. To transmit information from the
environment to the brain
 THE SKIN AND THE SOFT TISSUE

PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN

(Over 70% of the body is composed of water)
1. The water contains a delicate balance of
chemical substance in the solution.
2. The skin is watertight and serves to keep
this balanced internal solution intact.
3. The skin protects the body from the
invasion of infectious organisms like
bacteria, viruses and fungi.
THE SKIN AND THE SOFT TISSUE

PARTS OF THE SKIN

1. Superficial Epidermis
2. Deeper Dermis which contains
specialized skin structures.
3. Subcutaneous Tissue is the layer largely
composed of fat below the Dermis which
serves as an insulator for the body and
as reservoir to store energy.
 SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
Two Types of Wounds
WOUND
1. Closed Wound – it
Is a break in the involves the
continuity of a underlying tissue
tissue of the body without break or
damage in the skin or
either internal or mucous membrane
external. caused by blunt objects
& external forces
which results in
contusion and bruises
 SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS First Aid Management

Pain and tenderness
Swelling
Discoloration (black or I - Ice
blue/ecchymosis) Application
Hematoma
Uncontrolled restlessness C - Compression
Thirst
Symptoms of shock E - Elevation
Vomiting or coughing-up blood
Blood on mouth, nose & ear canal S - Splinting
Passage of blood in urine or feces
 SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

TWO TYPES OF WOUNDS Dangers of Open Wounds

2. Open Wound –  Hemorrhage
is a break in the  Infection
skin or mucus  Shock
membrane or the
Kinds of Bleeding
protective skin
layer is damaged. a. Capillary bleeding
b. Venous bleeding
c. Arterial Bleeding
Open Wound
Causes Characteristics
Classification
Penetrating pointed instruments
Deep & narrow, serious
Puncture such as nails, ice picks, daggers,
or slight bleeding
bullets, etc
Scrapping or rubbing against rough Shallow, wide, oozing of
Abrasion
surfaces blood, dirty
Blunt instruments such as Torn with irregular
Laceration shrapnel, rocks, broken glasses, edges, serious or slight
etc bleeding
Explosion, animal bites, Tissue forcefully
Avulsion
mishandling of tools, etc separated from the body
Clean cut, deep, severe
Sharp bladed instruments such as
Incision bleeding, wound is
blades, razors, etc
clean
 SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

First Aid Management Wound bleeding not

 Control Bleeding
severe (home care)
 Direct Pressure  Clean the wound with soap
 Elevation
 Pressure Point Bleeding & water
Control
 Tourniquet (Last Option, if  Apply mild antiseptics
first three methods failed)
 Cover wound w/ dressing &  Cover wound with dressing
secure w/ bandage
& bandage
 Care for shock
 Consult or refer to physician
 SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

REMINDERS:
1. All wounds must be thoroughly inspected & covered with
a dry dressing to control bleeding & prevent further
contamination.
2. Once bleeding is controlled by compression, the limb
should be splinted to further control bleeding, stabilize
the injured part, minimize the victims pain and facilitate
the patient’s transport to the hospital.
3. As with closed soft tissue injuries, the injured part
should be elevated to just above the level of the victim’s
heart to minimize severity.
 SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

REMINDERS:
4. Amputated body parts should be saved, wrapped in a dry
gauze, placed in a plastic bag, kept cool and transported
with the patient.
5. Don’t touch wound with bare hands. Always wear gloves
or anything that can cover the hands
6. Don’t induce further bleeding to clean the wound.
7. Don’t use absorbent cotton as a dressing.
BURN INJURIES
 BURN INJURIES

BURNS Common
Factors toCauses
determine the
- Are injuries involving 1. seriousness
Carelessnessofwith match and
burns:
the skin, including cigarette
1. The Depthsmoking
muscles, bones,  Superficial
2. Scald from hot(1liquid
st
degree) burns
nerves and blood  Partial-thickness (2nd degree)
3. Defective heating, cooking and
vessels. This results burns equipment
electrical
from heat, chemicals,  Full-thickness (3rd degree) burns
electricity or solar or 4. Immersion in overheated bath
2. Area of the affected body surface.
water
other forms of
radiation. 3. Location of the burns.
5. Use of chemicals such as lye,
4. Victim’s age and
strong acids medical
& strong condition
detergents
 BURN INJURIES
TYPE OF BURN INJURIES
1. THERMAL BURNS
Not all thermal burns are
caused by flames.
Contact with hot
objects, flammable vapor
that ignites and causes a
flash or an explosion,
and steams or hot liquid
are other common
causes of burns.
 BURN INJURIES
TYPE OF BURN INJURIES
CARE FOR THERMAL BURNS
Care of 1st & 2nd Degree Burns
 Relieve pain by immersing the
burned area in cold water or by
applying a wet, cold cloth. If
water is unavailable, use any
cold liquid you drink to reduce
the burned skin’s temperature.
 Cover the burn with a dry, non-
sticking, sterile dressing or a
clean cloth.
Care for 3rd Degree Burns
 Cover the burn with a dry,
non-sticking, sterile
dressing or a clean cloth.
 Treat the victim for shock
by elevating the legs and
keeping the victim warm
with a clean sheet or
blanket.
 BURN INJURIES
TYPE OF BURN INJURIES
2. CHEMICAL BURNS

Chemical will continue to

cause tissue destruction
until the chemical agent
is removed.
 BURN INJURIES
TYPE OF BURN INJURIES
CARE FOR CHEMICAL BURNS

 Immediately remove the  Cover the burned area with a dry

chemical by flushing with dressing or, for large areas, a
water clean pillowcase.
 Remove the victim’s  If the chemical is in the eye,
contaminated clothing while flood it for at least 20 minutes,
flushing with water using low pressure.
 Flush for 20 minutes or  Seek medical attention
longer. Let the victim wash immediately for all chemical
with a mild soap before a burns.
final rinse
 BURN INJURIES
TYPE OF BURN INJURIES
3. ELECTRICAL BURNS

The injury severity from

exposure to electrical
current depends on the
type of current (direct or
altering), the voltage, the
area of body exposed, and
the duration of contact.
 BURN INJURIES
TYPE OF BURN INJURIES
CARE FOR ELECTRICAL
BURNS
 Unplug, disconnect, or turn  If the victim fell, check for
off the power. If that is spine injury.
impossible, call the Power
 Treat the victim for shock
Company or ask for help.
 Seek medical attention
 Check the ABC’s, (Airway,
Breathing, Circulation) immediately. Electrical
Provide Rescue Breathing (RB) injuries are treated in burn
Mr Wiens, who will take months to recover, center.
lost most of his face in a disastrous
or Cardiopulmonary
high-voltage incident in November 2008 when his head touched a live power
Resuscitation (CPR) if
cable. He was on a lift platform repairing a church window when he lost control
necessary.
of the platform and came into contact with a wire that seared off his face.
 SPECIFIC BODY INJURIES
1. Eye Injuries
oreign Object
bject stuck in
Eye

Chemical Cuts &

exposure Blows to
& burns the Eye
BANDAGING
TECHNIQUES
 BANDAGING TECHNIQUES

DRESSING
Also called a compress, is an immediate protective cover placed over a
wound to assist in the control of hemorrhage, to absorb blood and
wound secretions, to prevent additional contamination, and to ease
pain. Sterile dressings are those free from germs before use.

BANDAGE
is a strip of woven material used to hold a wound dressing or splint in
place. It helps to immobilize, support and protect an injured part of the
body. Occasionally large pieces of cloth are used as bandages, slings
and binders. A bandage must be clean, but need not be sterile.
 GUIDELINES IN USING
DRESSING AND BANDAGES
1. Skin is not sterile. If a dressing slide off onto surrounding
skin before it has been anchored into place, discard it and
use a fresh one. First, hold it over the wound and then
lower it into place, do not slide it into the wound from the
side.
2. Use dressing that’s large enough to extend at least 1 inch or
more beyond the edges of wound.
3. If body tissue or organs are exposed, cover the wound with
dressing that will not stick such as plastic wrap or
moistened gauze. Then secure the dressing with a bandage
or adhesive tapes.
 GUIDELINES IN USING
DRESSING AND BANDAGES
4. If bandage is over a joint, splint and make a bulky dressing so the
joint remains immobilized. If there’s no movement of a wound over
the joint, there should be improved healing & reduced scarring.
5. Bandage should fit snugly but should not cut off circulation or
cause victim discomfort. If area beyond the wound changes color,
begins to tingle or feel cold, or if the wound starts to swell, the
bandage is too tight and should be loosened.
6. Bandaging technique depend upon:
 Size and location of the wound
 Your first aid skills
 Materials at hand
 BANDAGING TECHNIQUE
Use of Triangular Bandage
Open Phase

1. Head (topside)
Open
Phase
2. Face; back of the head
Semi-Broad
3. Chest; back of chest

4. Foot; hand Cravat

Narrow
Cravat
 BANDAGING TECHNIQUE
Use of Triangular Bandage
Cravat Phase

1. Forehead; eye
EXTENDED CRAVAT BANDAGE
2. Ear, cheek and jaw
3. Shoulder; hip
4. Arm; leg
5. Elbow; knee
6. Palm pressure bandage
7. Palm bandage of open hand
Palm
8. Sprained ankle (shoe on & shoe Pressure
off) Bandage
 BANDAGING TECHNIQUE
Use of Roller Bandage

1. Spiral

2. Oblique

3. Circular

4. Spiral reverse

5. Figure of eight

6. Recurrent