Lessons from Building Assessment and Retrofit

design

Prepared under
The Project on Promoting Building Safety for Disaster Risk Reduction
(BSPP)

Presented by
Md. Emdadul Huq
Executive Engineer,
PWD Design Division-2
 Seismic Assessment Manual

2015 2021

Based on Japanese Seismic Evaluation Standard

2
 Retrofit Planning

Minimum disturbance of existing floor plan

Selecting the proper retrofit method
Optimizing cost among alternatives
Feasibility of work procedure.
Feasibility of work procedure

Minimum disturbance of existing floor plan

Selecting the proper retrofit method
Optimizing cost among alternatives
 Feasibility of work procedure.
Feasibility of work procedure

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3
 Retrofit Design

Concept of Retrofitti ng:

 Upgrading strength or ducti lity
 Upgrading both strength and ducti lity together
 Retrofit Design

Concept of Retrofitti ng:

 Upgrading strength or ducti lity
 Upgrading both strength and ducti lity together
 Chapter 1: General

General Principle:
 Proposed manual is prepared to supplement Japanese
Standard incorporati ng BNBC 2020 and
Characteristi cs of RC Building in Bangladesh.

 Proposed manual narrates the evaluati on methods

with explanati ons according to J. Standard with
examples from actual buildings in Bangladesh.

Scope of This Manual:

 Only reinforced concrete structure.
 Concrete strength not less than 9 MPa.
 Main structural element of building.
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 Chapter 2: Building Inspection

Preliminary inspection:

-To check the applicability of this standard.

Detail Inspection:

-Compare the current status of the building with design drawing.

-Cross-sectional dimensions for calculation of strength of members.

-Cracking and deterioration in concrete and deflection of structure for

evaluation of time index.

-Building configuration for evaluation of irregularity index.

-Inspection of Ground and geographical feature of the site.

-Material inspection. 7
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 Chapter 3: Seismic capacity index of structure
An index represents the seismic performance of a structure.
C Seismic demand Seismic Index of Structure, Is = C × F × SD × T
index curve
Strength index
C = Strength index= Qu/W
F F = Ductility Index
SD = Irregularity index ≤ 1
C
T = Time Index ≤ 1
Qu= Ultimate strength
Ductility index F
W = Weight on vertical member
C index F index

Where:
Ry = Yield deformation angle =1/150.
Min{Qmu ,Qsu}→Qu R250 = Standard inter-story drift angle,
Qsu=Shear capacity from Shear rebar R250 = 1/250.
Qmu=Flexural capacity
Rmu = Ultimate Inter-story drift angle 8
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 Chapter 4: Judgment index of structure
Seismic demand index , Iso = 2/3 × Z × I × Cs
Z = Zone co-efficient
I = Structural importance factor
Cs = Normalized acceleration response spectrum, which is a function of
structural period and soil type

 Seismic demand index has been incorporated in this manual according

to seismic parameters of BNBC 2020.
 Seismic demand index depends on local seismicity, sub-soil Conditi on
and structural period.

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 Seismic Index VS Judgment index

Judgment of Seismic safety

IS >IS0 : Safe
IS <IS0 : Uncertain

Seismic Index of Structure, Is = C × F × SD × T Seismic demand index, Iso =2/3 × Z × I × Cs

C = Strength index Z = Zone co-efficient
F = Ductility Index I = Structural importance factor
SD = Irregularity index Cs = Normalized acceleration response
T = Time Index. spectrum, which is a function of structural
period and soil type
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Supplement : Proposed ductility index F related to axial force ratio
Ductility index of column with high axial force ratio is evaluated by the experiment
N=Axal Force

FC=Concrete
strength

N/(b⸳D⸳FC)>0.4 :Low ductility column

F= 1.27 is calculated
(Ry= approx.1/100 with axial force ratio=0.44 at specimen 2012-No.5)
(Rmu=approx.1/100 with axial force ratio=0.44 at specimen No.1)
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 Simplified(SE) and Advanced Simplified(ASE) Evaluation
Seismic index Shear strength, Qu = τ× Σ Ac , h0=Clear height of column
IBS= CBSXFB x SD x T
τ = 0.7 MPa , if h0/D > 6 D=Depth of column
CBS = Strength index = Qu/W = 1.0 MPa, if h0/D≤ 6 τ : average shear strength
FB = Ductility Index = R/Ω Judgment
IBS ≧ IBSO : Higher than seismic demand (Rank SA)
W =Weight on vertical member. 0.5IBSO≦ IBS ＜ IBSO ： Lower than seismic demand (Rank SB)
R & Ω is taken from BNBC2020 IBS ＜ 0.5IBSO ： Remarkably lower than seismic demand (Rank
SC)
Service load index = IBD = W/ΣAc
Where, W = Total service load at ground floor (N)
ΣAc = Total column area at ground floor(mm2)
Judgment for gravity load:
IBD ＜ 0.4Fc : Higher than gravity load capacity demand (Rank DA)
0.4Fc ≦IBD ≦0.7Fc : Lower than gravity load capacity demand (Rank DB)
0.7Fc ＜ IBD : Remarkably lower than gravity load capacity demand (Rank DC)

SE based on available drawing and ASE based on modified data after preliminary
s 12
field investigation
Capacity Rank and Recommendation from SE and ASE
Start
IBS= Seismic Index
Calculate IBS, IBD IBSO= Seismic Demand Index
IBD= Service load Index
Calculate IBS0, IBD0 IBDO= Service load Demand Index
EBS= Basic Seismic Index
Final Capacity Rank
Judgment: Service Load Capacity Rank
IBS ≧ IBS0? NO DA DB DC
&

Seismic Capacity Rank

SA I II III
IBD ≧ IBD0 ?
Detail Evaluation SB II II III
YES
May be safe SC III III III

End Final Capacity Rank and Recommendation

Final Capacity
I :MayRank
be safeand Recommendation
II :Detail evaluation recommended
I: May Be safe
III:Immediately detail evaluation recommended
II: Detail Evaluation Recommendation
III: Immediate Detail Evaluation Recommendation
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 Supplement: Seismic Evaluation Example
Ten Storied Offi ce Building Expansion Joint

Left Side Center Right Side

Block Block Block

X
Evaluation Result
Level
Level
10
I S0=0.285
10
CTU⸱SD =0.15
Only left side block
is evaluated
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9

8 8

7 7

Assessment have to
6 6

5 5

4 4
performed in both
3

directi on at every fl oor

3

2 2

IS
1 1 C TS D
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
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0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
 Special Issue addressed in Manual
N=Axal Force

FC=Concrete
strength

N/(b⸳D⸳FC)>0.4 :Low ductility column

Upper limit of deflection angle of flexural column cRmax

R =min{cRmax(n), cRmax(s), cRmax(t), cRmax(b), cRmax(h), cRmax(p), cRmax(a), cRmax(B)}
c max

n: axial force s: shear force t: tensile reinforcement ratio b: spacing of hoop

h: clear height p: beam-column joint a: anchor length b: clear height with brick wall
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 The project SATREPS-TSUIB, which started in 2016, proposes
evaluation methods through structural experiments on the
seismic performance problems of buildings.
In this revision, this information is specified in the
related items so that the contents can be easily referred to.

CNCRP: Project for Capacity Development on Natural

Disaster Resistant Techniques of Construction
and Retrofitting for Public Buildings (CNCRP)
SATREPS: Science and Technology Research Partnership
for Sustainable Development (SATREPS)
SATREPS is a JST and JICA program for research
projects targeting global issues and involving
partnerships between researchers in Japan
and developing countries.
TSUIB: Technical Development to Upgrade Structural
Integrity of Buildings in Densely Populated
Urban Areas and Its Strategic Implementation
towards Resilient Cities in Bangladesh (TSUIB)

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 Time Index

Level-0

Level-I

Level-II

Level-III

Level-IV

BSPP TRAINING PROGRAMM 19

 Irregularity Index

Irregularity Index covers:

1. Regularity
2. Aspect ratio of plan
3. Expansion joint
4. Underground floor
5. Story height uniformity
6. Soft story
7. Eccentricity
8. Stiffness/mass ratio

Irregularity Index (SD) ≤ 1.0

BSPP TRAINING PROGRAMM 20

 Updates Included in latest edition

 Seismic Demand Index and others codal issue as per BNBC 2020

 Appendix 1: Simplifi ed Structural Evaluati on(SE)

 Appendix 2: Advanced Simplifi ed Structural Evaluati on(ASE)

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 Seismic Demand Index(Iso)
Cs = Normalized acceleration response spectrum, which is a
function of structural period and soil type
The response reduction factor or above equation can be subdivided into ductility reduction
factor Rd and over-strength factor, Ω.
i.e. R =Rd × 
The ductility reduction factor, Rd is the ratio between elastic force capacity and force at
structural yield level. According to Japanese standard this Rd is expressed as ductility index F.
The other parameter over-strength factor Ω include design over-strength, material over-
strength and system over-strength.

NEHRP Recommended Provisions (FEMA P-750) 2009 Edition

BSPP TRAINING PROGRAMM 22