Anglo-Sikh War (1845-1846)

•Sikh Kingdom was expanded and

consolidated by Ranjith Singh during
19th cent.British also advanced the
borders of Punjab.
•Renjith Singh maintained a varied
friendship with British and gave some
territories south of Satluj river.
•In the same time Ranjith increased the
military forces and waged war with
Afghans made British Angry.
He included Americans, Europeans, Hindus
and Muslims to train his artillery and military.
The disunity among Afghans made Ranjith to
capture Peshwar, Multan and incorporated J&
K into his Kingdom.
Emir Dost Mohammad Khan with British
tried to replace Shuja Shah, the ruler of
Durrani Empire/Emir of Afghanistan.
In this attempt, Sikh supported Shuja Shah
and made a massacre of Elphinstone Army
and Bengal Army.
And so they left Afghan to capture it.
 Events
Ranjit Singh died in 1839.
his kingdom began into disorder. Ranjit's
unpopular legitimate son, Kharak Singh, was
removed from power within a few months,
and later died in prison under mysterious
circumstances.
It was widely believed that he was
poisoned. He was replaced by his able but
estranged son Kanwar Nau Nihal Singh, who
also died within a few months in suspicious
circumstances.
after being injured by a falling archway at the
Lahore Fort while returning from his father's
cremation.
two major groups within the Punjab for power : the
Sikh Sindhanwalias and the Hindu Dogras.
Originally high caste Hindus from outside the
Punjab, both had converted to Sikhism in 1818.
The Dogras succeeded in raising Sher Singh, the
eldest illegitimate son of Ranjit Singh, to the throne
in January 1841.
The most prominent Sindhanwalias took refuge on
British territory, but many took place in the Army of
the Punjab.
When the army was increased in Punjab, all groups
wanted to reestablish the dream of
Guru Gobind Singh and revolted against the centre.
In September 1843, Maharajah Sher Singh was
unable to meet the pay demands of the army, was
murdered by his cousin, an officer of the army, Ajit
Singh Sindhanwalia.
The Dogras took their revenge on those responsible.
Jind Kaur, Ranjit Singh's youngest widow, became
regent for her infant son Duleep Singh.
Jind Kaur's brother Jawahar Singh became vizier in
December 1844.
In 1845 he arranged the assassination of Peshaura
Singh, who presented a threat to Duleep Singh.
Jind Kaur publicly vowed revenge against her
brother's murderers.
She remained regent. Lal Singh became vizier, and
Tej Singh became commander of the army.
Sikh historians have stressed that both these men
were prominent in the Dogra group.
the British East India Company had begun
increasing its military strength.
they conquered and annexed Sindh, the Punjab
without strong leadership.
Raja Lal Singh, who led Sikh forces
against the British during the First
Anglo-Sikh War, 1846
The Sikh Army was led by General Raja Lal Singh
and Tej Singh, but Lal Singh betrayed the Sikhs
during the course of the war and was regularly
supplying information and even receiving
instructions from British officers.
In response to the British move, the Sikh army
began crossing the Sutlej on 11 December 1845.
Although the leaders and principal units of the army
were Sikhs, there were also Punjabi, Pakhtun and
Kashmiri infantry units.
The artillery consisted mainly of units of heavy
guns, which had been organised and trained by
European mercenaries.
One Sikh army under Tej Singh advanced towards
Ferozepur but could not stand before British.
Another force under Lal Singh clashed with Gough's
and Hardinge's, British officers, advancing forces at
the Battle of Mudki on 18 December.
British attacked at daylight left and drove out Sikh.
The British and Bengal Army units rallied on the next
day from the rest of their fortifications.
Lal Singh had made no effort to stop them.
Tej Singh's army appeared, but Tej Singh withdrew.
Indirectly they increased the army within few days
with the help of Rani, the Regent.
Sikh cavalry attacked Smith but Smith received
reinforcements and at the Battle of Aliwal on 28
January 1846, he won a model victory, eliminating
the Sikh bridgehead quarter.
Gough's joined with Smith's division, they attacked
the main Sikh bridgehead at Sobraon on 10
February.
Tej Singh left the Sikh army early in the battle.
The bridges behind the Sikhs broke under British
artillery fire.
The Sikh army was trapped.
None of them surrendered, and the British troops
showed little mercy.
This defeat effectively broke the Sikh army.
 Result
In the Treaty of Lahore on 9 March 1846, the Sikhs
were made to surrender the valuable region (the
Jullundur Doab) between the Beas River and
Sutlej River.
The Lahore Durbar was also required to pay an
indemnity of 15 million rupees.
hill countries situated between the Rivers Beas and
Indus to the East India Company.
The Treaty of Amritsar, the Raja of Jammu, Gulab
Singh, purchased Kashmir from the East India
Company for a payment of 7.5 million rupees and
was granted the title Maharaja of Jammu and
Maharaja Duleep Singh remained ruler of the
Punjab and at first his mother, Maharani Jindan
Kaur, remained as Regent.
However, the Durbar later requested that the British
presence remain until the Maharaja attained the age
of 16.
The British consented to this and on 16 December
1846, the Treaty of Bhyroval provided for the
Maharani to be awarded a pension of 150,000
rupees.
 be replaced by a British resident in Lahore
Victory over the Sikh
and
captured Sikh guns
Battle of Ferozeshah Battle of Aliwal
Results
The Treaty of Mangalore was concluded on
May 11, 1784.
All the captured placed were restored.
Tippu Sultan
A linguistic
Mysore Tiger
Shows condolence to French Revolution
Missile technology first introduced in India
Fithul Mujahiddin-Tippu`s book, description
of rockets.
It is better to be a lion for a day than a
sheep all your life-TIPPU
Third Anglo-Mysore war (1790-1792)
Causes……
A mutual distrust developed b/w Eng & Tippu
English made alliance with Nizam & Marathas
Tippu got a support of French at Mahe
In 1789, He attacked Travancore (Dharma Raja),
an ally of British, Cornwallis declared war on
Tippu in 1790.
Events
Tippu defeated the British forces under
General Meadows in 1790.
Cornwallis himself took the command of the
English forces and captured Bangalore.
The Marathas joined with the English and
destroyed Mysore territory.
In 1792, Carnwallis besieged
Srirangapattinam, the capital of Tippu.
Tippu sued for peace.
 Carnwallis (1786-1795)
He signed the Srirangapattinam treaty with
Tippu in 1792.
1793-Permanent Land Revenue System
Fatherof Indian Civil Service-Surendra
Nath Banerji was the first Indian-1863.
Indian Police Service came into existence.
Indian Civil and Criminal Courts
introduced.
Revenue and Justice were separated.
Result
The Treaty of Srirangapattinam was signed in
1792.
Tippu had to offer half of his kingdom to the
British especially Malabar.
He had to pay a huge war indemnity of 3½ Cr
which was shared b/w B, M & N.
His 2 sons were surrended as hostages to the
British.
Fourth Anglo-Mysore war (1799)
Causes
Tippu could not digest the humiliation-III AM W
He wanted to take revenge on the English
He refused to accept the Subsidiary Aliance
which the English tried to force on him.
Tippu secretly tried to get help from
Kabul,Arabia and the French.
When Wellesley came to know all these, he
declared war on Tippu in 1799.
Events
3 combined army were sent against Tippu.
Army from Bombay came under G.Stuart,
Madras under Harris and Arthur Wellesley
where Tippu had to defeat.
Wellesley besieged Srirangapattinam in 1799.
Finally Tippu died in his fighting, as a
courageous, true soldier.
Result
With the end of Tippu, English conquered
his most dangerous enemies.
The English annexed Mysore,
Coimbatore.
Central part of Mysore was restored to a
hindu ruler prince Krishna.
Lord Wellasley (Mornington)-1798-
1805Akbar of British India.
1798-Subsidary Alliance. (Hyderabad first)
Partially implimented-divide and rule policy
1799-sensorship of press act.
IV-Mysore war time Governor
1802-Human infanticide banned
 Madras province formed
Tiger of Bengal pronounced by himself
1800-Fort William College-Kolkatta
Arthur Wellasley1799-IV Mysore war, 1805-Palazhi
Raja, 1815-Waterloo war with Napolean