International Organizations

Topic – I

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 Course Contents
• The League of Nations
• The United Nations
• Historical perspective
• Role and Functions
• Future and challenges of IO
• Global governance and regional governance

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Recommended Books and readings
• The Nature and Function of International Organization by
Stephen S. Goodspeed
• International Relations by Parkash Chandar and Prem
Arora
• International Relations Since 1900 by Vidya Dhar Mahajan
• The Politics and Processes of Global Governance by
Margaret and Karen
• International Organizations and Global Governance by
Friedrich Kratochwil and Edward D

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 League of Nations
• Before the League of Nation
• The League of Nation (1919 – 1946)
• Objective of League of Nation
• Contribution of League of Nation
• Failure of League of Nation
• Impact of League of Nation

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Before the League of Nations
• 19th Century
– Nation State System, Industrialization, Democratic setup
• Peace activist
• Active involvement and cooperation of governments
• International forum
• International disputes and use of arms
• 1889 inter parliamentary union (IPU)
William Randal Cremer (Nobel peace price) and
Frederic Passy British & French parliamentarians

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Before the League of Nations
• Pacifism based on parliamentarian support
• 1914 24-state parliament became member
• Peace conferences at Hague in 1899 and 1907
• Council with president
• Executive Committee
• Shifting of office from Bern to Brussels
• International Peace Bureau an international body for
base of operations
• Peace Societies

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Before the League of Nations
• Annual Universal Peace Congresses
• 1891 3rd Universal Congress in Roam
• Intense efforts
• 1st World War started
• International Peace Bureau was put on hold until
1918
• After the war “No More War”

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 Background of League of Nations
• International Women Conference in 1915
• 1200 delegates from 12 countries
• 18 recommendations for end of war and provision of peace
• Recommendation were presented to President of USA and
heads of states involved in War
• Resolutions
– Self determination of people
– Use of arbitration for international dispute
– Democratic control of foreign affairs
– Disarmament
– Equal civil and political rights for women
– Freedom of trade on land and sea
• Fourteen points of President of USA Woodrow Wilson 1918
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 Background of League of Nations
• Joint session of the parliament
• Main statement
“A general association of nations should be formed on the basis
of convention designed to create mutual guarantees of the
political independence and territorial integrity of States, large
and small equally.”

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 Objective , Date of Establishment &
Composition
• Objective
– Promotion of International arbitration and world peace
• Date of Establishment
– 1st January, 1920
– Initial membership 28 allied countries and 14 non allied countries
• Composition
– Assembly
– Council
– Secretariat
• International Labour Organization and International Court of
Justice
• Other technical organizations, permanent and temporary
commissions were also established.
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 Objective , Date of Establishment &
Composition
• Assembly
– Started in 1920 in Geneva, Three representative from each member
country mostly PM and Foreign Minister, President of the Assembly,
Presiding Officer from smaller state, One vote for one state, preparation
of rules and regulations, Different committees, initially full powers.
• Council
– 09-members (USA, UK, France, Italy & Japan)
– Other 04-members were selected from Assembly
– One meeting in a year, President of the council, selection process in
alphabetic order from the members
– Non legislative body, Political institution, discussion on disputes, council
was required to be dominant on assembly
– Official languages (French and English)
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 Objective , Date of Establishment &
Composition
• Secretariat
– Independent platform, safety of official record, research, advertisement,
facts and figures, 11-Departments of the staff, 15 in 1938, Secretary
General,

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Contribution of League of Nations
• Mandate system
– Treaty of Versailles, Under developed areas in the control of big states,
areas of Germany and Turkey, Establishment of commission for
supervision, International court of justice,
• Welfare activities
– Human smuggling was declared a crime
– Efforts for eradication of trade opium
– Limitation on the trade of arms
– Improvement in international trade
– Inclusion of awareness material in curriculum of different states
– Struggle for equality of women in society
– Decisions / steps to facilitate the refugees.
– Efforts to eradicate malaria
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Contribution of League of Nations
• Maintaining of Piece
• Resolution on disarmament
– 1932 Lord Robert Civil provided a suggestion for disarmament, International
guarantees, mutual understandings, self defense, different conventions,
sanctions against chemical Warfare
• Locarno Conference
– October 1925, Mutual agreement between France, Germany and Belgium,
Pacts of arbitration between Germany and Check Republic, Belgium,
Germany and France, Mutual agreement between France and Poland, France
and Check Republic for defense
• Kellogg Briand Pact
– 27th August, 1928, a Pact between Belgium, UK, France, Germany, Italy,
Japan, Poland, USA and Check Republic in which it was decided that
aggressive activities will not be started and dispute will be settled on
peaceful manner (Pact of Paris), Mr. Arstetid Briand (France) and F.B. Kallogg
(USA), 62 countries till 1930 14
 Main reasons of failure
• League of Nation was established as an international
organization, however, all states did not joined the organization
• USA did not joined as basic member of the League
• Germany, Japan and Italy also withdraw their membership
• USSR became the member in 1934
• The role of Japan, Germany, Italy and France remained against
the main charter of the league, in 1931 Japan attacked on
Manchuria and in 1936 Italy took over the area of Ethiopia
• It was mandatory that all decisions will be made on the basis of
consensus
• Major powers played their dominating role regarding the
decisions of the league
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 Main reasons of failure
• Annual contribution for the budget of league was not collected
regularly
• Their was no effective network for the implementation of
decisions of league
• The concept of one state one vote was also became a hurdle
because major powers did not in favour of equality
• The contribution of league for social development remained
weak
• The Jurisdiction of the league was applicable for member states
only
• First World War was started in the presence of league of nation

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 Impact of League of Nations
• 1st Formal International forum
• Awareness about International peace
• International Pacts
• Practical Steps for the Welfare of Humanity
• Equality between Big and Small States
• Development in trade

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Topic – II
UNITED NATIONS

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 Background
• Inter-allied declaration,
– 12th June, 1941, signed by UK, USA and other allied, purpose of
declaration to create a peaceful and aggression free World as well as
protection of economic and social rights
• Atlantic Charter
– 4th August, 1941, Between USA and UK at British ship Prince of Wales and
American ship Augusta, 8 points
• No change in any state without the consent of the people.
• Protection of sovereignty and restoration of sovereignty
• Elimination of blackmailing
• All states will be provided equal opportunities for trade and able to utilize
raw material for where economic development
• Cooperation and coordination with all states for betterment of labor class
• Aggression of Naziism is required to be finished and all Nations may be
provided peaceful atmosphere 19
 Background
• All people can travel through sea
• On the basis of realism no state should use power.
• Declaration by UN
– Washington, 1st Jan, 1942, 26th Nation excepted the Atlantic charter and
the word United Nation was used first time, Later on 21 more states
joined the group
• Moscow declaration on General Security
– 30th October,1943, UK, China and USSR agreed to establish an
international organization
• Tehran Conference
– 28th November 1943, American President Roosevelt, British Prime
Minister Winston Churchill and Prime Minster of USSR Marshal Stalin,
Joint declaration, All nations (UK, USA and USSR) during the period of
peace and war will work together and we will successful for achieving
peace , Distraction of German Army, Attacks remained continued till the
death of last solider of German Army. 20
 Background
• Dumbarton Oaks Conference
– Washington, 21st Aug, 1944, USA, UK, USSR and China, Basic Structure of
International Organization
• Yalta Conference
– Yalta (USSR), 4th Feb, 1945, UK, USA, USSR, defeat of Germany, World
peace
• San Francisco Conference
– USA, 26th June, 1945, 50 States prepared basic draft of manifesto of UNO
• Potsdam Conference
– 17th July, 1945, UK, USA, USSR, Division of Germany and control of
German areas by allied forces.

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 Manifesto, Name, Office & Day
• Manifesto
– 24th October, 1945, China, France, USSR and USA signed the Manifesto
• Name
– 1st January, 1942, Proposed by President of USA, Roosevelt
• Office
– Headquarter at New York, 1952, 18-Acres, 39 Storied building, 8000
capacity , House of Glass
• Day
– 24th October is the day of UNO and it was approved by General Assembly
in 1947.
• Official Languages
– English & French
• Flag
– Color: Light Blue, Map of the World in the middle
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 Institutions of United Nations
• General Assembly
• Security Council
• The Economic and Social Council
• The Trusteeship Council
• International Court of Justice
• Secretariat
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
• United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDR)
• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
• United Nation Education, Science & Cultural Organization
(UNESCO)
• World Health Organization (WHO)
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 Institutions of United Nations
• World Bank
• International Finance Corporation (IFC)
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
• World Trade Organization (WTO)
• United Nations Development Program (UNDP)

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 General Assembly
• Functions and Powers
– To coordinate for cooperation for international peace and security.
– To discuss the factors having impact on International peace and security
except the issues pending in security council
– To discuss overall issues and matters related to the jurisdiction of UNO.
– To prepare recommendations and suggestions for the promotion of
Human rights, International Cooperation for Economic, Social, Cultural
and Health related issues and promotion of international law.
– To supervise the disputes of the states for their peaceful settlement.
– To receive and discuss the reports of security council as well as other
institutions.
– To supervise the areas of the World being handled under trusteeship
council.
– To coordinate and approve the budget of the UNO.
– To appoint and discuss the issues of membership for all institutions of
UNO. 25
 Security Council
• Description
– Council responsible for maintenance of peace and security in the World.
Initially 11 members council was established (5 permanent & 6 non
permanent). In 1965 number was increased upto 15. Five permanent
members are USA, UK, China, Russia & France. Other members countries
of UNO became member of security council for two years.
– One vote for one member and minimum 09 positive votes for decision.
Permanent members have the right of veto. Council has the powers to
decide the matters, however, other institutions have the powers to
prepare recommendations.
• Functions and Powers
– To maintain international peace and security;
– To develop friendly relations among nations;
– To cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect
for human rights;
– and to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. 26
 Security Council
• Functions and Powers
– To create system for control of arm race.
– To control circumstances regarding disputes between nations.
– To use force against the states involved in aggression.
– To recommend the membership of new states.
– To submit annual report and specific reports to General Assembly.

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 Trusteeship Council
• Description
– Established under the manifesto of United Nations
– Mandate of the council is to look after the special
areas for which control was handed over to the
council or any other state
– To promote the progress and independence of these
areas
– 11 areas have achieved their objectives
– 1st October, 1994 the function of the council was
completed, however, the meeting of the council can
be called at any time
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 International Court of Justice
• Description
– Court was established in Holland (Hagg) in 1946
– Any state can present his case before the court whether the
membership of UNO is available or not
– Law of the court is applicable for all
– Security Council and General Assembly can take advice from
the court
• Parameters of jurisdiction
– International pacts and Principals accepted for both parities
– International rules which became equal to law
– General principals of law
– Decisions of different courts, opinion of lawers
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 International Court of Justice
• Implementation Process
– In case of deviation of one member the other member can make a
request to security council for implementation
• Composition
– 15 Judges which are called members of Judiciary.
– These judges are elected from General Assembly and Security Council
– A Judge can remain on his post for 9 years.
– Two judges from same country cannot became the member of the
– Any judge cannot take another assignment during his posting.

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 Major International Issues
• Kashmir Issue
– Geographical Background
• 84000 Sqr. Km, 13.500million people, Boundaries with four countries (China,
Afghanistan, Pakistan and India), Beautiful Valley, 80% Muslims, Source of
Water, 63% Occupied area, 37% Azad Kashmir, sold by East India Company to
Gulab Sing for 0.750 million in 1864, struggle for libration from 1930,
• United Nations and Kashmir
– 1st January, 1948 in Security Council, United Nation Commission for Indo-
Pak, Resolution of 1949, End of War, Line of Control (LoC) in 1949,
Representative of Security Council in March 1950 for removal of Army,
Pakistan accepted the suggestions, however, India did not, January 1951
Prime Minister’s of Common Wealth suggested the following:
• Common Wealth will provide Army from Australia and New Zeeland
• Common army of India and Pakistan.
• Army of Local residents for plebiscite.
– Pakistan accepted, however, India rejected the proposals
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 Major International Issues
• Kashmir Issue
– Geographical Background
• 84000 Sqr. Km, 13.500million people, Boundaries with four countries (China,
Afghanistan, Pakistan and India), Beautiful Valley, 80% Muslims, Source of
Water, 63% Occupied area, 37% Azad Kashmir, sold by East India Company to
Gulab Sing for 0.750 million in 1864, struggle for libration from 1930,
• United Nations and Kashmir
– 1st January, 1948 in Security Council, United Nation Commission for Indo-
Pak, Resolution of 1949, End of War, Line of Control (LoC) in 1949,
Representative of Security Council in March 1950 for removal of Army,
Pakistan accepted the suggestions, however, India did not, January 1951
Prime Minister’s of Common Wealth suggested the following:
• Common Wealth will provide Army from Australia and New Zeeland
• Common army of India and Pakistan.
• Army of Local residents for plebiscite.
– Pakistan accepted, however, India rejected the proposals
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 Major International Issues
• Pact of Tashqand
– Prime Minister of India and President of Pakistan agreed to settle the
issue on mutual dialogue.
– Different wars between India and Pakistan (1948, 1965, 1971 and 1999).
– Kashmir Day, International Conferences, different resolutions, Kashmir
Committee, Resolution of United Nations in 1998 (Settlement of issue on
mutual dialogue)
– Resolution of United Nations, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1957, 1965
and 1971
• Palestine Issue
– November 1947, Division of Palestine into Jews and Arabs, 33 votes in
favour and 13 against, number of votes were less as per requirement,
USA pressurized three countries for vote.
– 55% area for 33% population and 45% area for 67% population (Arabs)
– Control of Bait-tul-Muaqadas by UNO, War between Israel and Arabs 33
 Major International Issues
• Palestine Issue
– Intervention of security council
– Crisis of Suez
• 1956 against Egypt by Israel, France and UK, agreement and vacation of area
of Egypt, Suez Canal closed due to this crisis which was reopened
– Arab Israel Wars
• June 1967 war again started between Arab and Israel, Israel occupied the
area of Tunisia, Gaza Strip, Golan and East Yaroshalam, Intervention of
Security Council (Vacation of area and respect of Muslim areas).
• 1972, War of Israel and Lebanon, Intervention of Security Council
• 1973, War of Israel and Egypt and Syria, Intervention of Security Council
– Camp David Accord
• 1979, USA, Egypt and Israel, 8 points, mutual agreement. 01- seena desert
under the control of Egypt. 02-both countries agreed for restoration of peace
and mutual relation. 03-security zone in seena desert. 04-vacation of seena
desert by the Army of Israel. 05-peace pact will be signed within 3 months.
06-After the pact vacation of desert within 3 years. 07-Major portion of Army
will be back within 09 month. 08-Jorden will be invited for dialog. 34
 Major International Issues
• Palestine Issue
– Reaction about the accord
• Arab rejected the accord only Sudan and Marrakech, issue of Gaza strip and
different Muslim country called a meeting. Issue of Palestine, France also
agreed to include the issue in accord.
– Another Agreement in 1979
• 12 points including previous 08 points in addition the issue of boundary
between 2 countries, respect of sovereignty, creation of a commission and
Israel will use Suez Canal.
• Bait-ul-Muqadas as capital of Israel in 1980
• Distraction of atomic plant of Iraq in 1981 (Reaction in world, meeting of
security council, resolution of security council for payment loss, Israel
rejected the resolution
• Resolution of General Assembly for independent state of Palestine in 1982
– Maryland Agreement (1998)
• Control of Palestine of west bank from 3% to 13%
• 14.2% area for mutual use
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 Major International Issues
• Palestine Issue
– Maryland Agreement (1998)
• 72.8% for Israel
• Total eight points of agreement
– 2001 Order for vacation of area of Palestine by Security Council
– 2001 an agreement between Palestine and Israel for vacation of area
– 2002, USA accepted Bait-ul-Muqadas as Capital of Israel
– 2002, Yasir Arafaat declared Bait-ul-Muqadas as Capital
– Road map for independent State of Palestine in 2005 (UNO, Europe
Union, USA, Russia

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 International Monetary Fund(IMF)
• Bretton wood conference 1944 held in USA
a. post war international cooperation
b. re-building of Europe
• Basic idea by Mr. Hary Dexter White (US Treasury Deptt officer) and Mr.
Maynara Keynes (British economist)
• IMF will function as a bank by Hary and cooperative fund to help
Governments by Keynes
• Established on 27th December,1945-29 countries agreed with draft-
financial operation started in 1947- France was first country for
borrowing of loan
• Bretton wood exchange system (Dollar or Gold) for conversion of
currency
• 1971 facility was withdrawn by President Nixon of USA and only dollar
will be the exchange currency. (Nixon Shock) 37
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Objective:
“It works to foster global and economic stability by
providing policy advice and financing the members by
working with developing nations to help them for
achieving macro-economic stability and reduce
poverty”
In 1971 the role was change towards the examining of
economic policies of the countries

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 % age of
Rank Countries Quota in Million Quota % Votes
Votes
1 United States 82,994.20 17.46 831,407 16.52
2 Japan 30,820.50 6.48 309,670 6.15
3 China 30,482.90 6.41 306,294 6.09
4 Germany 26,634.40 5.60 267,809 5.32
5 France 20,155.10 4.24 203,016 4.03
6 United Kingdom 20,155.10 4.24 203,016 4.03
7 Italy 15,070.00 3.17 152,165 3.02
8 India 13,114.40 2.76 132,609 2.64
9 Russia 12,903.70 2.71 130,502 2.59
10 Brazil 11,042.00 2.32 111,885 2.22
11 Canada 11,023.90 2.32 111,704 2.22
12 Saudi Arabia 9,992.60 2.10 101,391 2.02
13 Spain 9,535.50 2.01 96,820 1.92
14 Mexico 8,912.70 1.87 90,592 1.80
15 Netherlands 8,736.50 1.84 88,830 1.77
16 South Korea 8,582.70 1.81 87,292 1.73
17 Australia 6,572.40 1.38 67,189 1.34
18 Belgium 6,410.70 1.35 65,572 1.30
19 Switzerland 5,771.10 1.21 59,176 1.18
20 Indonesia 4,648.40 0.98 47,949 0.95
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International Monetary Funds
• 189 countries are the members
• Countries contributed funds on quota system to create a pool
and total funds are almost 670 b US $
• FUNCTIONS
• Foster global growth and economic stability
• Fixed exchange rate
• Balance of payment
• To prevent economic crisis
• Oversee global financial system-monitor economic and
financial policies of member countries (surveillance of global
economy)
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CONDITIONALITY OF LOAN
• Started in 1952
• Cutting expenditure (austerity)
• Direct export and resource extraction
• Devaluation of currency
• Trade liberalization
• Foreign direct investment and opening of stock market
• Balancing budget
• Removal of price control and state subsidies
• Privatization
• Enhancing the rights of foreign investors
• Improving governance
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ALTERNATE ARRANGMENTS
• 2001 African Union established African Monetary Fund
• 2014 BRICS ( Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa)
announced contingent reserve arrangement ( CRA) size 100
billion US $
• 2014 China led Asian infrastructure Bank established

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CRITICISM
• Developing countries have dominant role on less developed
countries
• Anti-development policies
• Policies based on theory-lacked economic rationale
• Argentina a model countries for IMF compliance faced serious
economic crisis in2001
• Hurdle in implementation of MDGs in Africa- reported in 2006
• Conditionality of loan is not linked with the conditions of
population of recipient countries

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 Future of UNO
• Signs of brighter future of UN
– Only organization for safety of humanity from socio economic disparity
– Only organization for peace and prosperity
– Main hurdle for a large scale war
– Successful policy during cold war
– Role of developing state with the help of UNO (G4 nations India, Brazil,
Germany and Japan) Coffee Club (Italy, Pakistan, Mexico, Turkey and
Egypt)
– Humanitarian assistance of development
– Expansion of International law
– Bilateral and Multilateral trade and diplomatic relations
– Awareness about rights and duties
– Role of Media and Civil Society

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 Future of UNO
• Challenges / Issues of UNO
– Imperfect to fulfill its objective
– Unchallenged hegemony powerful nations
– Unjust and criminal use of power of VETO
– Polarization of Glob
– UN is not a sovereign body
– Unsuccessful in bridging the gap between poor and rich
– 86% of World GDP for 20% World population
• Measures to strengthen UN
– General consensus about role of UN
– Effective organization for peace and security
– Process of reform (disintegration of USSR and incident of 9/11)
– Expansion of Security Council
– Implementation of decisions of International Court of Justice
– To create balance between Security Council and General Assembly 45
 Future of UNO
• Measures to strengthen UN
– To eliminate mistrust of Islamic World and developing states

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GLOBALIZATION (aspects)
• Globalization is the spread of products, technology,
information and jobs across national borders and culture. In
economic terms it is an interdependence of nations around
the Globe fostered through free trade.
• Socially it leads to great interaction among various population
• Culturally, globalization represents the exchange of ideas,
values and other practices among cultures.
• Politically has shifted the attention to intergovernmental
organizations like UN and WTO.
• Legally has alter how international law has created and
enforced.
• Economically concept of free trade and involvement of foreign
investors and concept of global economy 47
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
• Collective management of the Planet is called Global
Governance ( global public policy, collective authority and
mutual interdependence )
• Concept of international coordination and cooperation was
started after WWI but post cold war era 1990s emerged with
new issues.
a. global level of regularity instruments
b. non state actors and their net works
c. environmental concerns (climate change, global warming)
d. trade and rights of foreign investors
e. WTO and international standards

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MAJOR CHALLENGES/THREATS
• Single country cannot deal with the following threats and challenges
because of the cross border network and impact
• Terrorists activities (hijacking, bombing, attacks, suicide attacks like
Bali bombing-202 deaths in 2002, Madrid bomb attack-191 deaths in
2004, London bomb attack-56 deaths in 2005)
• Proliferation of WMDs (Nuclear, Biological, chemical weapons)
In case terrorists take control of these weapons
• Environmental degradation (Global warming, Ozone layer, living
atmosphere)
• Natural Disasters (Tsunami, floods, earthquake, cyclone etc.)

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MAJOR CHALLENGES/THREATS
• Famine in Africa ( Somalia. Ethiopia and other
African areas)
• Humanitarian issue ( Afghanistan ,kashmir,
Syria, Iraq , Yemin, Rohingya Muslim
community, IDPs in Pakistan etc.)
• Transnational crimes ( Arm, drug, human
trafficking, Sex slavery, cyber crime)
• Pandemics ( HIV/AIDS , Malaria ,TB, Dengue
etc.)
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ACTORS OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
• States( Developed , underdeveloped and major powers)
• IGOs ( intergovernmental organizations UN, WB,IMF,WTO,ILO
etc)
• NGOs (non-governmental organizations)
• Experts
• Global policy work ( international, regional, national )
• MNCs ( multinational corporations)
• Conclusion
Global/world government is not available and International law
is the only tool which is a soft arrangement and not have so
much binding so it is collective responsibility of the states.
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