History of TCP/IP and

the Internet
 OBJECTIVES:
• To discuss briefly about TCP/IP History
• To discuss about the factors of TCP/IP
 Protocols
• Protocols are rules and procedures for communication
and behavior or etiquette.
Just as two people must share a common set of rules
for verbal communication(a language). Computers must
also “speak” the same language and agree on the rules of
communication.
• You use protocols in other ways.
o Texting
o Email
o Facebook communication
 TCP/IP HISTORY
• initially developed as part of the research network developed by the United
States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA or ARPA).
• 1967
o ARPA presented the idea of ARPANET at Association for Computing
Machinery(ACM) meeting, they where able to present a small network of
connected computers. And they came up with interface message processor(IMP)
• 1969
o ARPANET was a reality.
o They test with 4 universities (University of California Los Angeles, UC - Santa
Barbara, Stanford Research Institute, University of Utah) using the Network
Control Protocol(NCP) provided communication between the hosts.
• 1972 Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn
o They collaborated on what they called Internetting Project

• 1973
o development of a full-fledged system of internetworking
protocols for the ARPAnet began.
o The first version of this predecessor of modern TCP was
written.
• December 1974
o Revision of ARPAnet to SITCP(Specification of Internet
Transmission Control Program)
• March 1977
o version 2 of TCP was documented

• August 1977
o a significant turning point came in TCP/IP’s development.
Jon Postel, one of the most important pioneers of the Internet
and TCP/IP, published a set of comments on the state of TCP.
In that document (known as Internet Engineering Note
number 2, or IEN 2). What Postel was essentially saying was
that the version of TCP created in the mid-1970s was trying to
do too much.
• What Postel was essentially saying was that the version
of TCP created in the mid-1970s was trying to do too
much.

• Postel's observation led to the creation of

TCP/IP architecture, and the splitting of TCP into TCP
at the transport layer and IP at the network layer; thus
the name “TCP/IP”.
• Integrated Addressing System:
o The addressing system is designed to allow devices to be
addressed regardless of the lower-level details of how
each constituent network is constructed.
• Design For Routing:
o Unlike some network-layer protocols, TCP/IP is
specifically designed to facilitate the routing of
information over a network of arbitrary complexity.
• Underlying Network Independence:
o TCP/IP operates primarily at layers three and above, and includes
provisions to allow it to function on almost any lower-layer
technology, including LANs, wireless LANs and WANs of various
sorts. This flexibility means that one can mix and match a variety of
different underlying networks and connect them all using TCP/IP.
• Scalability:
o One of the most amazing characteristics of TCP/IP is how scalable
its protocols have proven to be.
• Open Standards and Development Process:
o The TCP/IP standards are not proprietary, but open standards freely
available to the public.
• Universality:
o Everyone uses TCP/IP because everyone uses it!
• This last point is, perhaps ironically, arguably the most important.
Not only is TCP/IP the “underlying language of the Internet”, it is
also used in most private networks today. Even former
“competitors” to TCP/IP such as NetWare now use TCP/IP to
carry traffic. The Internet continues to grow, and so do the
capabilities and functions of TCP/IP.
 LAYER NAME TCP/IP PROTOCOLS
APPLICATION HTTP, FTP, SMTP, POP3,
DHCP, TFTP, DNS,
SNMP
TRANSPORT TCP, UDP
INTERNETWORK ICMP, ARP, IPSec, IPv4
and IPv6
NETWORK ACCESS ETHERNET,
TOKENRING, FDDI,
WAN TECHNOLOGIES